Incorporating greenhouse gas effects to evaluate energy efficiency in China

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions without hampering economic growth is a significant issue for China. Taking into account environmental sustainability principles, this study analysed the energy efficiency of 30 regions of China for the period 2002–2007. By employing a data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach, this study included undesirable CO₂ and SO₂ outputs and the desirable GDP output in the model. Empirical outcomes demonstrated that the overall average technical efficiency (TE) of China is 0.843, indicating a 15.70% input inefficiency. Among three geographic areas, the east has the highest technical efficiency, with the highest ability to set up clean-burning power plants based on best technology available. Performance in the west is less good because of much inefficient technology. Finally, the study demonstrates detailed management implications of the BCG matrix. The most important contribution of this paper is a detailed demonstration of an energy performance evaluation mechanism for China. The valuable results and insights gained can be equally effectively applied to studies in other developing countries facing the same gaseous emissions.     

中国碳排放的区域差异及其与经济增长的关联分析

采用政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)的碳排放测算方法,计算了除香港、澳门、台湾和西藏外中国30个省(市、自治区)1995-2010年的碳排放量,并选取碳排放总量、碳排放强度和人均碳排放量3个指标,运用多指标面板数据聚类法,将各省份划分为高、中和低碳排放区域:高碳排放区域包括河北、山西、内蒙古、辽宁、山东和宁夏,低碳排放区域包括北京、浙江、安徽、福建、江西、湖北、湖南、广东、广西、海南、重庆、四川、云南、陕西和青海,中碳排放区域包括天津、吉林、黑龙江、上海、江苏、河南、贵州、甘肃和新疆.分别对3类地区的人均碳排放量和人均GDP进行协整检验和回归分析,结果显示人均碳排放量和人均GDP存在长期协整关系且符合环境库兹涅茨曲线,高、中和低碳排放区域的理论曲线拐点分别为人均GDP 41 046、50 219和47 049元.今后一段时期内我国碳排放总量还将继续增长,但GDP的增长速度大于碳排放量的增长速度,碳排放强度会继续下降.     

Advances in LID BMPs research and practice for urban runoff control in China

China is at present experiencing a very rapid urbanization process, which has brought a number of adverse impacts upon the water environment. In particular, urban runoff quantity and quality control have emerged as one of the key concerns for municipal officials. One of the strategies being considered is the use of a Low Impact Development type of Best Management Practices (LID BMPs) for urban storm water runoff quantity and quality control. In this paper, the situation surrounding urban runoff control in China is reviewed first. Then the conventional strategy and technologies for the construction and management of urban drainage systems are discussed, while exploring their inherent dilemmas. The LID BMPs are then introduced to control urban runoff in the context of urban sustainable water systems. After the comprehensive analysis of the various LID BMPs, the advances in LID BMPs research and practice for urban runoff control in China are investigated and summarized. At last, the difficulties of implementing LID BMPs in China are discussed, and a direction for the future is proposed.     

川西亚高山暗针叶林恢复初期土壤酶活性研究

研究以川西亚高山暗针叶林恢复过程中初级阶段的鲜类阔叶林（MBLF）、鲜类针阔混交林（MCBLF）和箭竹阔叶林（BBLF）土壤为研究对象,针对不同森林类型采用多点分层[0-10 cm（A层）、10-20 cm（B层）、20-30 cm（C层）和30-40 cm（D层）]采样、测定混合样的方式,研究了不同森林类型不同土层土壤的pH值、有机碳、全氮、全磷含量及脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、淀粉酶、过氧化氢酶、蛋白酶和蔗糖酶活性。研究结果表明,MBLF、MCBLF、BBLF不同土层土壤pH值均低于5.0,有机碳、全氮、全磷含量呈下降趋势,且有机碳、全氮与A层土壤差异显著（P〈0.05）。MBLF和BBLF随土层深度的增加脲酶活性较A层呈显著下降趋势（P〈0.05）,而MCBLF土壤脲酶活性以B、C层活性最高,分别为A层的1.22和1.08倍。蔗糖酶和酸性磷酸酶活性呈现先升后降的趋势,均以MCBLF活性最高;在林型MCBLF和BBLF中,随着土层深度的增加,蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性较A层显著降低（P〈0.05）,而MBLF、MCBLF、BBLF过氧化氢酶活性则一直呈显著下降趋势（P〈0.05）,D层过氧化氢酶活性分别为A层的60.21%、73.37%和46.84%。     

嘉峪关市中心城区扩张过程及其景观特征变化

以中国干旱区嘉峪关市1986、1996、2006和2010年Landsat TM/ETM＋影像为数据源,采用道路扩展和城市建设用地扩张强度反映城区建设扩张过程,同时分析了城市景观类型的斑块特征和结构特征,研究结果表明：1）嘉峪关市中心城区主干道路扩展显著,城市面积增加明显。1986—2010年间嘉峪关市道路长度增加了100.20 km,城市面积从1986年的2 220.03hm^2增加到2010年的5 048.22hm^2,年均扩张强度指数达5.10%。2）城市景观格局变化显著,建设用地、城市绿地和水体分别增加了2 003.74hm^2、655.30hm^2和169.15hm^2,未利用地则减少2 828.19hm^2。建设用地和城市绿地破碎度增加,未利用地破碎度减少。3）城市景观斑块类型更趋均衡化,整体景观和异质性多样性增加。4）城市扩张是嘉峪关城市绿地和水体明显增加的重要原因,人类活动对城市生态环境的影响逐渐增强。     

中国的水安全及其对策探讨

在对相关文献资料进行调研的基础上,阐述了我国水资源的现状及其存在的主要水问题,然后从这些水问题出发,就可能引发的人为性水安全问题：健康安全、粮食安全、生态环境安全、经济安全、国家安全等进行了讨论,最后就如何解决我国的水安全问题提出了：遵循水的自然客观规律．以及利用与保护、管理与调控、开源与节流、监控与预警并重的相关建议。     

2005年7-8月国内环境事件数据

简要统计了2005年7-8月国内发生的各种环境事件140起,包括沙尘天气1起,污染事件28起,地震7起,虫害3起,旱灾6起,山体滑坡和泥石流25起,以及其他自然灾害90起.最后对统计结果进行了讨论.     

2005年3-4月国内环境事件数据

简要统计了2005年3-4月国内发生的各种环境事件109起,包括沙尘天气(14起)、污染事件(38起)、山体滑坡和泥石流(15起)、地震(4起)、虫害(3起)、旱灾(6起)以及其他自然灾害(29起).最后对统计结果进行了讨论.     

Field test of best management practice pollutant removal efficiencies in Shenzhen, China

This paper presents a study on the use of best management practices (BMPs) for controlling nonpoint pollution in the Xikeng Reservoir watershed located in Shenzhen, China. A BMP treatment train design, including a pond, a wetland, and a buffer strip placed in series was implemented at the reservoir location. A separate grass swale was also constructed at the site. Low impact development (LID) BMPs, namely a planter box and bioboxes, were used at the parking lot of the reservoir’s Administration Building. Samples were collected during storm events and were analyzed for total suspended solids (TSS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅), ammonia nitrogen (NH₃—N), and total phosphorus (TP). The removal efficiencies of both BMP systems were evaluated using the Efficiency Ratio (ER) method based on the event mean concentration (EMC) data. In summary, the pond/wetland treatment train removed 70%―90% of TSS, 20%―50% of BOD₅, and 30%―70% of TP and NH₃—N. The swale removed 50%―90% of TSS, 30%―55% of BOD₅, −10%―35% of NH₃—N, and 25%―70% of TP. For the planter box and biobox, the ranges of removal rates were 70%―90%, 20%―50%, and 30%―70% for TSS, BOD₅, and ammonia and phosphorus, respectively.     

中国湖库洪水调蓄功能评价

湖泊是抵御湖区水系洪水灾害的天然屏障,而水库是现代防洪工程体系的重要组成部分,两者共同肩负我国防洪减灾的重任。为探明我国湖、库洪水调蓄功能状况,分析区域防洪需求进而提出对策建议,论文以湖泊可调蓄水量和水库防洪库容为评价指标,基于可调蓄水量与湖面面积以及防洪库容与总库容的数量关系构建模型,分别对我国湖泊和水库的洪水调蓄能力进行了初步评估。结果表明,我国湖泊可调蓄水量和水库防洪库容分别为1 475.47×10⁸和2 506.85×10⁸ m³,湖库洪水调蓄功能总量为3 982.33×10⁸ m³。从空间分布来看,湖泊调蓄能力以西藏、青海、江苏等省以及西北诸河、长江、淮河等流域较强;水库调蓄能力以湖北、广东、湖南等省以及长江、珠江、黄河等流域较强;湖库综合调蓄能力则以西藏、湖北、青海、江苏、湖南等省以及长江、西北诸河等流域较强。从防洪需求来看,珠江、长江、海河、淮河等流域湖库调蓄能力与设计洪量的比值较小,防洪压力较大。针对珠江流域和海河流域,建议通过兴建水库等工程建设提高流域防洪能力;针对长江流域和淮河流域,可结合退田还湖和水库建设提高湖库综合调洪能力。研究结果可为我国防洪建设和洪水管理提供科学指导。