Public parks as an element of urban planning: a missing piece in Accra's growth and development

Public parks are important to urban environments, residents, and visitors. Among other functions, they provide environmental services, such as air and water purification, and they increase both recreational opportunities and the attractiveness of the urban environment. Because of their importance, urban parks serve as public spaces that provide visitors and urban residents with rights to the city. This paper identifies the dearth of urban public parks in Accra-Tema city-region as worrying. The Accra Plan 1958 underscored the significance of green spaces and designated the coastal strip for parks development but the areas have been lost to various urban uses. We argue that the continual neglect of public parks within urban planning and community development schemes in the Accra-Tema city-region is a major concern because it is depriving the citizens a right to the city and its public spaces. A number of factors have worked adversely against the provision of public parks and green spaces in the city-region. These include development pressures, undue political interference, a complex land delivery system, and ad hoc planning. The paper concludes by offering policy suggestions as to how to resolve the dearth of parks and green spaces in the city-region.     

多学科优化设计理论在地下工程中的应用

介绍多学科优化设计理论及其在国内外发展现状,阐述多学科设计优化的主要研究内容及相关算法。针对地下工程的特点,分析多学科设计优化应用于地下工程设计的可行性,并提出多学科设计优化的综合性定义和地下工程多学科设计优化的模块化设计思路、求解思路。地下工程的复杂性、不确定性及非线性等特征成为多学科优化设计在地下工程中应用的瓶颈。因此,多学科优化设计在地下工程中的应用还处于探索阶段,有待深入研究。     

突起路标合理设置的原理与方法研究

目前国内外还没有针对路钮的设置间距进行相关的模型研究,实施中通常根据经验进行设置。笔者基于曲线曲率最佳感知精度和路钮视像连续的两种设置原理,并考虑驾驶员的视觉特点、车辆的灯光照射性能,提出以视线诱导为目的,在驾驶员视野范围内始终出现4块路钮的设置间距与曲线半径的关系模型;并以路钮视像在人眼中形成一条连续的诱导线为目的设置间距与道路设计车速之间的关系模型。在两种方法的最终设置间距中取两种模型的小值作为最终的设置间距,并根据反光及不反光路钮的特点、设置的经济性和路段的交通安全状况对其设置方式作了分析和探讨。经研究,该模型可作为相关规范中路钮设置间距的依据。     

大空间建筑室内火蔓延全尺寸实验设计

大空间建筑室内火蔓延的全尺寸实验能较好反应和说明大空间建筑室内火灾过程的主要规律,也是当前研究建筑室内火灾机理较理想的一种实验方法。文中介绍了大空间建筑室内火蔓延全尺寸实验室的设计思想和实现方法,简要介绍了其在建筑火灾研究中的主要应用前景。     

松散煤岩体钻封注耦合注浆锚固机理与试验研究

针对松散煤岩体巷道钻孔成孔困难、锚固力低的问题,提出了钻封注分次注浆时空耦合加固方法,实现了钻孔内“全长封孔+带压注浆”,分析了钻封注分次注浆加固技术原理,研发了自钻锚杆、封孔及加固注浆材料,其封孔材料具有膨胀性大、强度大和凝固时间快等特点,注浆加固材料具有速凝早强、流动性好、固结效果好及强度较高等优点。研究结果表明:全长封孔后带压注浆,浆液扩散半径大,钻封注锚杆锚固力相对于数脂锚固提高1倍以上,表明钻封注分次注浆加固技术具有较高的应用价值。     

多重资本驱动下西安市秦岭北麓S村的空间生产与收缩——基于布尔迪厄理论的管窥

引入布尔迪厄的资本理论,构建多重资本概念模型;以西安市秦岭北麓S村为例,对其在不同类型资本综合影响下的空间生产与收缩过程及机制进行质性研究和可视化分析。结果表明：（1）经济资本的三级循环推动S村物质空间商品化程度不断加深,商户金融资本的差异造成村内经济阶层分化与空间分异,外来经济资本的进入则易诱致社会风险。（2）新生的业缘关系与亲缘、地缘关系交织而成的社会网络等结构性社会资本的变化,引致S村社会空间的混杂和地方认同的分化;社会信任等认知性社会资本的下降造成村民交往空间的内移,并促成新的空间治理秩序。（3）商户个人品味等身体化文化资本创造出多样化的文化空间,政府赋予村庄的集体称号等制度化文化资本推动形成农家乐专业村品牌。（4）元资本主导下,村内三大旅游项目被拆除,S村由空间持续再生产转向空间收缩。（5）自然垄断地租、小规模集体行动优势、元资本的间接调控与直接影响以及双重锁定效应,共同构成S村空间生产与收缩的机制。     

虚拟现实地理信息系统技术在城市环境污染突发事件中应用探讨

通过分析事件驱动原理,将事件驱动机制（EDI）融入虚拟现实地理信息系统（VRGIS）的建模框架,探索基于VRGIS的事件驱动时空模型及其在城市环境污染突发事件响应中的应用前景以及主要技术设计过程,旨在为资源与环境的可持续利用研究提供一个形象直观的虚拟演示平台来反映城市中环境变化的空间响应及其对策定制等问题。     

Ethnographic understandings of ethnically diverse neighbourhoods to inform urban design practice

The aim of this paper is to inform urban design practice through deeper understanding and analysis of the social dynamics of public outdoor space in ethnically diverse neighbourhoods. We hypothesise that findings from ethnographic research can provide a resource that improves cultural literacy and supports social justice in professional practice. The primary method is a meta-synthesis literature review of 24 ethnographic research papers, all of which explore some dimensions of public open space use and values in UK urban contexts characterised by ethnic and racial diversity. We summarise thematic understandings and significance of neighbourhood places of shared activity, parks, spaces of passing-by and of retreat. We evaluate the implications for intercultural social dynamics, exploring the spatial and temporal dimensions of conviviality and racism in public open space. We then argue that it is possible to develop principles for urban design practice informed by this work, and propose four for discussion: maximising straightforward participation, legitimising diversity of activity, designing in micro-retreats of nearby quietness and addressing structural inequalities of open space provision. We conclude that ethnographic research can provide detailed insights into the use of the public realm and also inform a more nuanced understanding of outdoor sociality relevant for an increasingly diverse society. The challenge is two-fold: for ethnographers to become less cautious in engaging with decisions and priorities regarding how cities change, and for urban designers to explicitly embed informed understandings of difference into their broad desire for inclusive public space.     

Les Reciproqueteurs: post-regulatory corporatism

ABSTRACT

Reflexive governance can be understood as an emergent encapsulated trust-building corporatism where network participants are neither state functionaries nor market entrepreneurs but network reciproqueteurs. This paper argues that such reflexive network governance results in a post-regulatory corporatism (PRC)—a more adaptable, less formalized, and flexible mode of interest intermediation, policy-making, and policy-implementation than previous modes of corporatist intermediation. Functional differentiation processes engender ‘negotiated connected contracts' in rescaled space in between inter-regional assemblages, a mode of structurally coupling new social partners in the emergent transnational knowledge-based economy. This involves the building of new social capital of network trust-building manifested in the norms of reciprocity and reflexive law constituted as a new mode of protocolism: one associated with the social learning and policy designing necessary for ecological systems' autopoeisis, resilience, and sustainability. This paper conceptualizes reflexive network governance as protocolism in constellations of PRC and discusses examples from the area of environmental policy-making. PRC is understood as a new mode of negotiated rule-making: as a recursive protocolism of multi-stakeholder social pacts constituted by frame agreements and negotiated connected network contracts.     

1971-2016年新疆极端温度时空变化特征分析

基于新疆地区42个气象站点1971-2016年逐日温度数据资料,选取世界气象组织(WMO)推荐的10个极端温度指标,使用线性趋势法、克里金插值法和Mann-Kendall突变检验等方法,分析该地区极端温度指数在时间和空间上的变化规律.结果 表明:新疆地区1971-2016年间4个极端高温指数均呈现出明显的上升趋势,除极...