Spatial memory, habitat auto-facilitation and the emergence of fractal home range patterns

Animals interact with their habitat in a manner which involves both negative and positive feedback mechanisms. We apply a specific modeling approach, “multi-scaled random walk”, for the scenario where a spatially explicit positive feedback process emerges from a combination of a spatial memory-dependent tendency to return to familiar patches and a consequently objective or subjective improvement of the quality of these patches (habitat auto-facilitation). In addition to the potential for local resource improvement from physically altering a patch, primarily known from the ecology of grazing ungulates, auto-facilitation from site fidelity may also embed more subtle subjective, individual-specific advantages from patch familiarity. Under the condition of resource superabundance, fitness gain from intra-home range patch fidelity creates a self-reinforcing use of the preferred patches on expense of a broader foraging in a priori equally favorable patches. Through this process, our simulations show that a spatially fractal dispersion of accumulated locations of the individual will emerge under the given model assumptions. Based on a conjecture that intra-home range patch fidelity depends on spatial memory we apply the multi-scaled random walk model to construct a spatially explicit habitat suitability parameter H_ij, which quantifies the dispersion of the generally most constraining resource from the individual's perspective. An intra-home range set of observed H-scores, H_obs, can then be estimated from a simple 2-scale calculation that is derived from the local dispersion of fixes. We show how the spatially explicit habitat utilization index H_obs not necessarily correlates positively with the local density fluctuations of fixes. The H-index solves some well-known problems from using the pattern of local densities of telemetry fixes - the classic utilization distribution - as a proxy variable for relative intra-home range habitat quality and resource selection. A pilot study on a set of telemetry fixes collected from a herd of free-ranging domestic sheep with overlapping summer home ranges illustrates how the H-index may be estimated and interpreted as a first-level approach towards a more extensive analysis of intra-home range habitat resource availability and patch preferences. Spatial memory in combination with site fidelity requires a modeling framework that explicitly describes the property of positive feedback mechanism under auto-facilitation in a spatio-temporally explicit manner.     

峨眉山市城区颗粒物时空分布及其防治对策

本文以峨眉山市城区１９９１ 年～１９９７ 年所测颗粒物的浓度为依据,研究了城区颗粒物七年来的年度、季度、月变化及空间变化规律,并对防治对策进行了探讨。     

佛山城市绿地现状评价体系

通过野外实测和数据收集的方法,运用层次分析法建立了佛山市绿地系统评价指标权重体系。结果表明:佛山市城市绿地系统综合效益处于一般水平,得分为0.383。佛山市绿地系统存在绿地斑块分布不均,绿化植物品种单一,忽视本地种的开发等问题。全绿化率最高的三水区达35.20%,最低绿化率禅城区则只有14.31%;乡土树种仅占全部绿化树种的30%;群落结构较简单,道路附属绿地的群落层片结构多为2层,地被植物品种单一。     

基于SO2总量控制探讨我国煤电发展的环境空间

以电力环保数据库、中国电力年鉴和中国环境统计数据为基础,根据我国火电行业的发展特点,SO₂排放特征和全国SO₂环境承载能力状况,探讨2010─2030年我国SO₂总量控制目标的发展趋势和电力行业的SO₂总量控制要求.以此为基础,采用情景分析方法,系统分析了我国不同阶段SO₂总量控制目标对煤电发展装机容量的影响约束,提出了不同阶段为实现总量控制目标和保证煤电持续发展能够获得必要的环境空间所应采取的重要手段和措施;根据我国不同区域硫沉降的环境空间状况,按照东部、中部、西南和西北4个区域有针对性地分析了未来我国煤电发展的环境空间,提出相应布局建议.      

北京市道路绿地消减PM2.5总量及其健康效益评估

以交通污染严重的北京市建成区为研究区,在前人实地观测的基础上,利用泊松回归相对风险度模型与环境健康价值评估方法,定量评估了北京市道路绿地消减PM2.5总量及其健康效益.结果表明:北京市建成区道路绿地年消减PM2.5总量为1.09t;对降低人群健康风险作用较为显著,可减少受危害总数约3024例,其中早逝18例、呼吸系统疾病住院53例、心血管疾病住院25例、儿科门诊324例、内科门诊761例、急性支气管炎1134例、慢性支气管炎264例、哮喘445例;带来的健康经济效益为1.98亿元.建议加强道路绿地建设,丰富植被层次结构,以积极应对城市交通空气污染.     

Establishing conversation spaces in hastily formed networks: the worst fire in modern Swedish history

In presenting examples from the most extensive and demanding fire in modern Swedish history, this paper describes challenges facing hastily formed networks in exceptional situations. Two concepts that have been used in the analysis of the socio‐technical systems that make up a response are conversation space and sensemaking. This paper argues that a framework designed to promote understanding of the sensemaking process must take into consideration the time and the location at which an individual is engaged in an event. In hastily formed networks, location is partly mediated through physical systems that form conversation spaces of players and their interaction practices. This paper identifies and discusses four challenges to the formation of shared conversation spaces. It is based on the case study of the 2006 Bodträskfors forest fire in Sweden and draws on the experiences of organised volunteers and firefighters who participated in a hastily formed network created to combat the fire.     

北京市不同主干道绿地群落对大气PM2.5浓度消减作用的影响

为研究城市道路两侧不同绿化带宽度及不同植物群落配置模式对消减大气中PM2.5浓度的作用,选择北京市四环主干道旁3种典型植物群落配置类型作为试验监测点,对0 m、6 m、16 m、26 m、36 m不同绿带宽度下PM2.5浓度分布与变化进行监测,并对其消减能力进行计算,分析PM2.5浓度变化与道路车流量、绿化带宽度及植物群落配置模式之间的关系。结果表明：（1）PM2.5浓度的日变化与车流量的日变化特征一致,道路绿地空气中PM2.5浓度的日变化呈现双峰单谷型特征,即早晚高、白天低,PM2.5浓度在8：00-10：00的交通早高峰期间增加,而后开始下降,到12：00-14：00左右达到最低值,之后呈持续上升状态,直至晚高峰19：00浓度达一天中的最大值。（2）不同植物群落配置模式对大气中PM2.5浓度的消减作用不同,群落内郁闭度高的多复层结构绿地对PM2.5消减作用优于郁闭度低的单层配置绿地模式;（3）分别对3类空气质量条件下,道路绿地对PM2.5消减作用进行评价。无污染或轻度污染（PM2.5〈100μg·m-3）环境下,绿地对PM2.5消减作用明显,26 m及36 m的绿带处消减作用最强,最高可达12.22%;中度污染（101μg·m-3201μg·m-3）天气条件下3种绿地对PM2.5的消减作用均不明显。     

阵列燃烧诱发火焰融合的判据及其可行性研究

为了探究一种判定多火源等间距阵列燃烧时火源参与火焰融合程度的判据,基于多火源等间距阵列燃烧试验,获得n×n(n取3~7）阵列各火源层在不同火源间距条件下的无量纲平均燃烧速率,采用自定义拟合的方法,拟合出各火源层的无量纲平均燃烧速率随无量纲火源间距的变化曲线,将所得拟合曲线与火源参与火焰融合的临界值曲线相交,便可得到各火源层的临界无量纲火源间距值。分析该值,发现其与火源层数呈良好的线性关系,且此线性直线与试验结果吻合度较高。从而,获得一种应用无量纲火源间距判定阵列火源参与火焰融合程度的简易判据。     

宽间距长芒刺电除尘器优化实验研究

电除尘器净化除尘效率较高,处理烟气量大及阻力低,日常运行费用低等优点而得到了广泛的应用。通过实验确定宽间距长芒刺电除尘器的各项参数,并且运用最优化原理从理论上加以论证。     

用革新技术改善水处理厂运行性能

由于60％以上的城市饮用水源受到不同程度的污染,采用常规处理工艺的水厂在处理受污染原水时,效果不显著,效率低,尤其对于重度污染的原水只有采用深度处理工艺,如臭氧化、生物活性炭和膜分离等技术才能有效地处理、然而,多年的研究、探索和工程实践证明,在处理轻度污染原水时,由传统工艺的改善和革新形成的革新技术,比传统处理工艺更为高效,比深度处理技术投资更经济和合理．在对微涡旋絮凝池以及小间距斜板强化沉淀池同传统处理工艺作了比较后发现,传统絮凝池和沉淀池的水力负荷为 7m³（m²·h）,絮凝和沉淀时间分别为 20～25min和 60～80min,出水浊度为7～15NTU,色度为 15～25PtCU;而革新絮凝池和沉淀池,在水力负荷为 12～13m³/（m²·h）时,絮凝和沉淀时间分别为12～15min和40～50min,出水水质优于传统工艺,浊度为1～4NTU,色度为3～8TtCU．