基于生态安全格局的国土空间保护修复优化——以内蒙古呼包鄂地区为例

构建生态安全格局可为国土空间保护修复提供对策,以补充现有研究对国土空间优化实践指导的不足。以内蒙古呼包鄂地区为案例,识别城镇、生态源地,构建源地扩展阻力评价体系,通过最小累积阻力模型划分安全格局小区;基于电路理论识别国土空间保护修复重点区域（生态廊道、生态“夹点”、生态障碍点）,优化生态安全格局,提出国土空间保护修复建议,得到的主要结论有：研究区城镇源地适宜扩展区远小于生态源地,国土空间保护修复有较大潜力;安全格局小区中生态保育区生态空间面积最大,其次是优化缓冲区生态空间,生态防护区生活空间最小;识别135条生态廊道,12个生态“夹点”,6个生态障碍点,164个生态战略点,架构生态安全网络,形成“多核四区三带一屏一流域”的国土空间保护修复格局,以达到提升生态景观完整度与连通性、维护区域生态安全的目标。     

A formal model for consensus and negotiation in environmental management

Environmental management decisions typically lie at the interface of science and public policy. Consequently, these decisions involve a number of stakeholders with competing agendas and vested interests in the ultimate decision. In such cases, it is appropriate to adopt formal methods for consensus building to ensure transparent and repeatable decisions. In this paper, we use an environmental management case study to demonstrate the utility of a mathematical consensus convergence model in aggregating values (or weights) across groups. Consensus models are applicable when all parties agree to negotiate in order to resolve conflict. The advantage of this method is that it does not require that all members of the group reach agreement, often an impossible task in group decision making. Instead, it uses philosophical foundations in consensus building to aggregate group members' values in a way that guarantees convergence towards a single consensual value that summarizes the group position. We highlight current problems with ad hoc consensus and negotiation methods, provide justification for the adoption of formal consensus convergence models and compare the consensus convergence model with currently used methods for aggregating values across a group in a decision making context. The model provides a simple and transparent decision support tool for group decision making that is straightforward to implement.     

Creating Defensible Space in the Wildland–Urban Interface: The Influence of Values on Perceptions and Behavior

We examined the effect that value orientation to forests and wildland fire management has on an individual’s decision to create defensible space around his or her residence in the wildland–urban interface. Using data from a mail-back questionnaire, respondents in north central Minnesota were clustered by basic value–laden beliefs toward forest and wildland fire management and compared across a number of perceptions and behaviors related to creating defensible space around residences. Value orientation groups differed in attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavior control toward creating defensible space. In addition, relative effects of these perceptions on intention to create defensible space differed across groups. Implications lie in (a) understanding differences in motivations and reasons for support of strategies for managing fires near the wildland–urban interface, (b) developing information designed to address the perspectives of different groups related to creating defensible space, and (c) contributing to an improved integration of land management and public concerns and interests.     

The relationship of place to substance use and perceptions of risk and safety in urban adolescents

Geographic and substance use data were collected from 301 urban adolescents to compare the perceived and observed risk and safety associated with their home and activity space locations (routine locations). The geographic characteristics of the neighborhood surrounding each location was summarized according to features theorized to be risky, such as criminal activity and alcohol sales, and features theorized to be safe, such as recreation centers and churches. Data on socioeconomic status, derived from U.S. Bureau of the Census data, were also used to characterize locations. Adolescents' homes were typically perceived as safe despite observed measures of risk such as density of crimes and proximity to alcohol outlets. This held for both substance users and non-users. Differences in geographic characteristics for safe and risky activity spaces were observed for both substance users and non-users, with non-users appearing to be more sensitive to the presence of risky characteristics in the environment than substance users. Results highlight the need and provide a methodology to collect fine-grained activity space data instead of relying only on home residence when attempting to represent place and health behaviors with urban youth.     

珠江三角洲旅游空间结构分析与优化研究

着眼于宏观和中等空间尺度,从代表性旅游资源、旅游网络、旅游发展轴、旅游中心地体系等方面对珠江三角洲旅游空间结构的现状进行了系统分析,认为有进一步优化的必要;同时提出培育类型多样的旅游发展轴线、构建八大特色旅游文化板块、加快边缘区域的旅游发展、促进区域旅游流空间流动的相对均衡等四个方面的优化思路,这些措施对提高珠三角地区旅游发展的总体水平有积极意义.     

GIS在云南鲁甸县地质灾害易发性分区中的应用

鲁甸县地质灾害类型众多,主要有滑坡、泥石流、崩塌、地裂缝等。通过量化地质灾害形成的指标,建立属性数据库,采用地理信息系统进行空间分析,以量化数据为依据,制作鲁甸县地质灾害易发性分区图。     

基于遥感参数特征空间的福建省干旱监测

归一化植被指数(NDVI)和地表温度(LST)是描述地表特征的两个重要参数,通过新型的MODIS卫星数据反演得到NDVI和LST,采用基于NDVI-IST特征空间的条件植被温度指数(VTCI)模型,对2001-2002年福建省发生的严重秋冬春连续干旱灾害进行了监测验证,并利用气象观测数据对VTCI模型临测结果进行了分析.研究结果表明:VTCI模型能够真实地反映地表水分供应状况,能较好地反映区域旱情分布和旱情发展过程,VTCI值越小表示干旱灾害越严重.当旬的VTCI平均值与前一旬的降水量有着较高的相关性,利用VTCI模型能够近实时进行干旱监测,具有较高的业务化应用前景.     

都市生态农地空间分布特征、类型及保护模式研究——以广州市为例

为应对快速城市化带来的生态保护压力,有必要界定“都市生态农地”概念。都市生态农地是指在都市系统中由农用地构成的生态性空间,一般仅限于都市区内,以较大规模和连片的空间形态融入都市功能组团。论文根据城市空间重构过程,推演出两个假设：1）都市生态农地存在圈层分布模式;2）都市生态农地生态价值与农地丰度、区位表征的供需关系相关。以广州的镇街为空间单元进行实证,结果表明：1）从区位上看,广州都市生态农地基本可分为核心圈层、过渡圈层和外围圈层,验证了假设;2）基于区位和丰度差异,将都市生态农地分为三大类12级,为制定保护政策提供分类指导;3）农地生态功能是公共产品,但在政府与市场双失效下产生了租值消散。论文在总结核心圈层的国有化模式、外围圈层的区域协调模式后,建议在过渡圈层通过设立农地发展权进行保护。     

淄博市SO2与PM10垂直空间变化规律及其相关性分析

本文对淄博市环境空气中主要污染物SO2和PM10在不同高度的浓度值进行分析,找出污染物垂直空间分布规律;并利用SO2和PM10日均浓度值分析两者之间的相关性,为淄博市环境空气质量进一步控制治理提供一定依据。研究结论如下:淄博市垂直空间SO2、PM10浓度变化基本呈随高度增加而逐步降低趋势;同时SO2和PM10浓度呈现较为明显的相关性。为进一步改善淄博市环境空气质量,不仅要在城市规划中充分考虑给城区以自然通风通道,增加城市对污染物扩散稀释的能力,而其要在开展针对建陶、水泥等行业专项行动,降低工业粉尘排放,加强对城区内市政、房地产建筑工地的监督管理,减少道路和建筑扬尘的同时,加强对SO2排放企业尤其燃煤企业的监管力度,控制SO2排放量,也会相应的进一步降低PM10浓度。     

白洋淀湿地不同时空水生植物生态需水规律研究

在对白洋淀典型水生植物的蒸腾量实地监测的基础上,确定了不同时间和空间下水生植物的蒸散系数,对白洋淀湿地基于现状和恢复目标下的植物生态需水量进行了等级划分和计算.研究结果表明,6～9月综合蒸散系数为3.21、6.24、6.02和1.86.水生植物需水量的时间分布规律为7月>8月>6月>9月,空间分布规律为陆地>水陆过渡带>水中.现状条件下,白洋淀水生植物6～9月的最小需水量分别为0.49×108m3、0.80×108m3、0.60×108m3、0.16×108m3,分别占湿地最小生态需水量的44%、56%、49%、50%(未包含湿地土壤需水量),与湿地最小生态需水量对应的最低生态水位为7.50m、7.50m、7.50m、6.30m.基于生态恢复目标,计算得到6～9月的水生植物最小生态需水量分别为0 56×108m3、0.91×108m3、0.69×108m3、0.19×108m3,为湿地最小生态需水量的30%、41%、35%、21%.对比白洋淀水生植物生态需水量的实际值和计算值发现,白洋淀水生植物的生态需水量在6～9月间分别是计算值的5.75倍、6.42倍、5.00倍和2.29倍.