农村重力流灰水收集系统的恶臭气体时空分布规律

为探究农村重力流灰水收集系统的恶臭气体时空分布规律,构建了一套中试研究装置并研究了其全流程的恶臭气体质量浓度。结果表明：在相对静止的灰水储水池中,苯乙烯(C₈H₈)是质量浓度最高的恶臭气体(平均质量浓度为55.68 mg·m⁻³),二硫化碳(CS₂)的质量浓度最低(平均质量浓度为0.11 mg·m⁻³);灰水收集系统在早晨(6:00—8:00)和傍晚(17:00—19:00)的恶臭气体质量浓度较高,其OU平均值分别是其他时段OU平均质量浓度的1.82~23.7倍和1.87~24.41倍;灰水收集系统中的跌水井和管道变径处是恶臭气体质量浓度较高的区域,其OU平均值分别是其上下游区域OU平均值的1.2倍和1.6倍。在农村重力流灰水收集系统的运维过程中,应该关注C₈H₈和C₂SH₆等气体的浓度变化以更好的控制恶臭逸散问题。     

Access to urban green spaces in Hannover: An exploration considering age groups,recreational nature qualities and potential demand

City dwellers'' accessibility of urban green spaces (UGS) has recently gained immense interest in research and policy. Related scientific studies thus far have focused primarily on spatial distances, largely missing considerations of UGS qualities. We analysed the entire UGS setting of Hannover considering the recreational nature quality and potential demands to identify age-appropriate green spaces by applying a geographic information system analysis of several data sets. Additionally, we assessed the accessibility of UGS for different age groups, varying recreational nature qualities, and potential demands. Results indicate that children and elderly people have poor access to UGS that offers age-related requirements to enable unrestricted nature-based recreation. Nature quality and age-related requirements play a significant role in the assessment of UGS for recreation and accessibility. We conclude that detected vulnerabilities regarding age-related recreation in cities are anchors to mainstream the issue and enhance future planning practices and research.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13280-022-01808-x.     

Achieving air pollutant emission reduction targets with minimum abatement costs: An enterprise-level allocation method with constraints of fairness and feasibility

• Quantification of efficiency and fairness of abatement allocation are optimized. • Allocation results are refined to the different abatement measures of enterprises. • Optimized allocation results reduce abatement costs and tap the abatement space. • Abatement suggestions are given to enterprises with different abatement quotas. For achieving air pollutant emission reduction targets, total pollutant amount control is being continuously promoted in China. However, the traditional pattern of pollutant emission reduction allocation regardless of economic cost often results in unreasonable emission reduction pathways, and industrial enterprises as the main implementers have to pay excessively high costs. Therefore, this study adopted economic efficiency as its main consideration, used specific emission reduction measures (ERMs) of industrial enterprises as minimum allocation units, and constructed an enterprise-level pollutant emission reduction allocation (EPERA) model with minimization of the total abatement cost (TAC) as the objective function, and fairness and feasibility as constraints for emission reduction allocation. Taking City M in China as an example, the EPERA model was used to construct a Pareto optimal frontier and obtain the optimal trade-off result. Results showed that under basic and strict emission reduction regulations, the TAC of the optimal trade-off point was reduced by 46.40% and 45.77%, respectively, in comparison with that achieved when only considering fairness, and the Gini coefficient was 0.26 and 0.31, respectively. The abatement target was attained with controllable cost and relatively fair and reasonable allocation. In addition, enterprises allocated different emission reduction quotas under different ERMs had specific characteristics that required targeted optimization of technology and equipment to enable them to achieve optimal emission reduction effects for the same abatement cost.     

黄土丘陵区土壤水分空间分布差异性探讨

在对黄土丘陵区典型区域多点土壤水分调查数据的分析的基础上,系统总结了研究区土壤水分分布的区域性和地块性差异特征及其发生分异的主要因子。文章认为,降水格局是土壤水分具有南、北向逐渐增加的区域分布特征的主导因子。热量、地貌、植被等的不同组合使得土壤水分发生地块尺度的分异。地域尺度土壤水分表现为南部好于中部,中部好于北部。在地块尺度内,则由于地貌、植被、土地类型等因素,土壤水分一般表现为:坡下部>坡中部>坡上部;阴坡>半阴-半阳坡>阳坡;隔坡梯田好于梯田;植被不同会造成土壤水分利用型差异。由于影响土壤水分的因素之间存在复杂的关系,其分布的差异性随季节、土壤层深度等不同而在表现程度上具有差异性。这一研究对黄土丘陵区植被恢复中合理利用土壤水资源具有十分重要意义。     

Using revealed preferences to estimate the Value of Travel Time to recreation sites

The opportunity Value of Travel Time (VTT) is one of the most important elements of the total cost of recreation day-trips and arguably the most difficult to estimate. Most studies build upon the theoretical framework proposed by Becker (1965) by using a combination of revealed and stated preference data to estimate a value of time which is uniform in all activities and under all circumstances. This restriction is relaxed by DeSerpa's (1971) model which allows the value of saving time to be activity-specific. We present the first analysis which uses actual driving choices between open access and toll roads to estimate a VTT specific for recreation trips, thereby providing a value which conforms to both Becker's and DeSerpa's theoretical models. Using these findings we conduct a Monte Carlo simulation to identify generalizable results for subsequent valuation studies. Our results indicate that 3/4 of the wage rate provides a reasonable approximation of the average VTT for recreation trips, while the commonly implemented assumption of 1/3 of the wage rate generates downward biased results.     

城市公共绿地应急避险功能中的人口服务辐射能力的研究——以北京市为例

为推动城市公共绿地应急避险体系建设的发展,根据概括的应急避险功能评价指标体系要求,通过人口密度分布与公共绿地缓冲区的叠加分析,对城市公共绿地的人口服务辐射能力进行了深入研究。结果显示,整个北京规划市区内公共绿地的缓冲区覆盖范围总计为421.96 km2,约占规划市区面积的38%,还存在626.46 km2的服务盲区,盲区所涉及的户籍人口为254.8万。另外,东城区所属的东四、朝阳门和东直门街道办事处,以及宣武区所属的椿树街道办事处所含的公共绿地缓冲区占其行政区面积的比例仅分别为0.04%、21.22%、23.45%、25.61%,存在较大的服务盲区,人口服务辐射能力有待加强。     

中国北方地区沙尘暴变化趋势初探

沙尘暴是一种重要的环境问题和自然灾害，是土地沙漠化程度的重要指标。本文利用１９５１～１９８０年的整编气候资料、１９８１～１９８７年中国地面气象记录月报资料和１９９３～１９９４年的两个沙尘暴个例资料，对我国北方地区沙尘暴的空间分布和时间变化及其成因作了初步探讨，并对未来的变化趋势进行了初步预测。结果表明：沙尘暴主要发生在我国西北地区，且有两个多发中心区，即塔无拉玛干沙漠的西南部和甘肃河西走廊东部。沙尘暴主要发生在春季，尤以四月份最多；沙尘暴的形成是地形、地表沙尘物质、有利的急浪位置、低层大气的不稳定和锋面过境后的大风五种基本因素相互作用的结果；就整个北方地区而言，１９５１～１９８７年沙尘暴出现日数总的趋势是波动式减少的，但不同干旱气候区略有差异；本世纪末到下世纪中叶，整个北方地区沙尘暴总的趋势将呈波动式增加（约比１９５１～１９８７年的平均值增加７％）。     

淮河流域洪涝变化的混沌特征

从功率谱结构,Ｌｙａｐｕｎｏｖ指数,吸收子维数和可预报时间等方面分析了淮河流域洪涝变化的混沌性质,研究表明淮河流域洪涝变化是一类混沌变化序列,洪涝系统是一类混沌为动力系统,系统时初值极端敏感,长期和不可预测,其可报预时间约为５－６年。     

城市再生空间的开发利用——开拓城市绿化新空间

随着城市化程度的提高，再生空间所占比重越来越大。充分开发利用这些空间，因空制宜地进行不同形式的绿化，可大大提高城市绿化水平和景观质量，改善城市环境状况，对卫生城市和园林城市的达标起积极作用。     

特大城市生态空间识别及管控单元划定——以上海市为例

划定和保护生态空间是提升生态功能和改善环境质量的重要保障。本研究基于生物多样性维护、水源涵养、水土保持等重要性评估和盐渍化、水土流失等敏感性评估结果,开展了特大城市--上海的生态功能重要区域和生态环境敏感区域的空间识别,筛选了适合上海特征和需求的生态空间要素类型,并结合生态空间连续性、稳定性和管理要求,确定了生态空间分布并划分了管控单元。研究结果显示,上海市生态系统重要性和生态环境敏感性均主要处于一般等级,识别并确定的上海市生态空间面积为1879. 20 km2,共包括11种要素类型。全市共划定113个生态空间管控单元,其中80个为一般生态空间管控单元。本研究可为特大城市的生态空间识别以及长三角区域生态空间格局的构建提供重要参考。