Local or global food markets: A comparison of energy use for transport

Abstract

This study compares energy use for food transport to a farmers' market in Sweden with energy use for transport in the conventional food system. The farmers' market was investigated through data sampling from on-site investigations. The conventional food system was studied with the aid of life cycle assessments reported in the literature. Overall, the study found no significant differences in levels of energy use for transport to the farmers' market compared with the conventional food system. For certain products, such as fresh fruits and vegetables, transport-related energy use was much lower in the local system although the season in Sweden for this kind of product is restricted to two or three months at the end of the summer. However, there is considerable potential to increase energy efficiency in local food systems by organizing the selling in new ways and by using more energy efficient vehicles.     

How “open” are open spaces: evaluating transformation of open space at residential level in Adelaide – a case study

This paper examines the transformation of open space and how it compares to older residential development. A study has been conducted at the residential level because neighbourhoods have been a basic unit of city design throughout the recent history of urban settlements. Furthermore, the neighbourhood is a more humanly relevant scale of urban development. The method adopted for this research was a comparative urbanism by comparing old and new residential areas. This study found that incremental redevelopment of old residential areas through both re-subdivision and intensification of development on existing allotments has resulted in a progressive loss of open space. However, the study also confirmed that the current supplies of open space across all the study areas (old and new residential areas) are relatively similar. The main difference between the open space supply in older and newer residential areas comes down to the ownership of land (i.e. the proportion of public versus private open space). The study demonstrated that older residential areas with large allotments have experienced a significant loss of private open space – originally from 50%, to current levels of 23–30%. The paper concludes that there is a need for a holistic approach to the provision of public and private open spaces to improve the quality of life at a residential level.     

Co-Creating community gardens on untapped terrain – lessons from a transdisciplinary planning and participation process in the context of municipal housing in Vienna

ABSTRACT

Urban gardening in Vienna, Austria, has gained a new significance over the last ten years. However, although demand is constantly rising and urban gardening is being marketed in many ways, a vast majority of the urban population still has no access to gardening and its various benefits. While community gardening projects in Europe are usually viewed as temporary, self-organised bottom-up initiatives on public or abandoned private land, this case study of the Roda-Roda pilot project shows that community gardening can develop and persist even when favourable conditions for grassroots community gardens are lacking. The vast green spaces separating residential blocks (Abstandsgrün) commonly found in Vienna’s municipal housing (Wiener Gemeindebau) have a huge spatial potential for gardening, along with a forgotten tradition of self-organisation. Using an action research approach, this paper describes two principles for a successful implementation strategy under difficult conditions. Starting with a top-down approach, an interdisciplinary project team implemented a spatial and socio-economic framework that offered a stable basis for participatory community-building. As they “climbed” the ladder of participation stepwise – from exclusion to decision-making and true self-organisation – gardeners gained knowledge, skills and the self-confidence required to run a garden and create a well-working local community. At a more general level, the paper brings a co-creative planning perspective to the scientific discussion on community gardening in Europe and offers a practical approach to making local gardening opportunities available to suitable target groups by tapping into unused spatial potential.     

Uneven distribution of urban green spaces in a coastal city in northwest Mexico

ABSTRACT

Extent and distribution of urban green spaces (UGS) in Mazatlan (Mexico) are analysed using remote sensing and GIS techniques. Vegetated areas (2,270?ha), a third of the urban area in 2015, were reclassified into green spaces (GS), urban tree (UT) and open spaces (OS), based in the normalised difference vegetation index, relating them with demographic and socioeconomic data. UGS allocation per capita amount 55?m², mainly represented by the UT class, with the largest patches associated with low developed and very high marginalised areas, and also with very low marginalised sectors, while the lowest allocation correspond to medium and low marginalisation, highly populated sector, without significant correlations. Despite the USG allocation, it is required a better urban planning to maintain public UGS and to protect the local flora, threatened by the introduction of exotic, ornamental species (64% of UT), to guarantee the provision of ecosystem services to the population.     

石油化工企业有限空间中的气体检测

介绍了便携式气体检测报警仪用于石油化工企业中有限空间的气体检测时的采样方法、检测点选择、检测工作程序以及检测结果的处理.     

原油外输泵房噪声分析与防治

介绍了采油厂原油外输泵房的噪声现状及噪声对职工造成的危害,分析了噪声的主要来源为电磁噪声、机械噪声、空气动力l陛噪声以及阀门噪声、摩擦噪声和管路噪声等,其声压级在90～104dB之间,频率主要集中在200～3000Hz范围,并制定了噪声治理方案。     

基于高空间分辨率遥感影像的城市绿地提取方法研究

城市绿地是城市生态系统的一个重要子系统,在改善城市环境质量和居民生活水平方面扮演着越来越重要的作用。因此,如何及时获取城市绿地的分布及其变化,对于保护城市生态环境至关重要。本研究提出了一种基于高空间分辨率遥感影像的城市绿地提取方法,并珠海市为研究区域,利用Worldview-2遥感影像进行了城市绿地提取实验。结果表明,城市绿地提取结果比较理想,总体精度为94．09%,Kappa系数为0．94,但建设用地和裸地、城市绿地和建设用地之间仍然容易错分。     

从安全防灾到韧性建设——国土空间治理背景下韧性规划的探索与展望

新形势下城市巨系统面临更多不确定性风险与未知扰动,要求安全防灾规划从目标对象、战略定位、技术手段与规划理念等方面做出适应调整,通过韧性城市建设引领区域安全稳定发展。对韧性城市的概念起源、理论发展与实践探索进行了梳理和评述,并结合我国“多规合一”后的国土空间规划体系改革,对空间治理背景下韧性规划的内涵特征、层级类型、流程形式与公共治理进行认识与思考;并从深化韧性城市的理论构建与机理研究、转变规划编制的设计思路和实践流程、完善韧性实践中的规划传导和尺度治理、关注韧性建设中的基层治理和公众参与四个方面,提出韧性规划的实践路径展望,力求有序推进我国城市公共安全现代化治理建设。     

环境空气监测子站气象仪器性能状况比对研究

气象监测是环境空气质量监测的重要组成部分,在环境空气质量精细化管理中发挥着重要作用.气象部门通常采用集中送检或现场校准的方式对气象仪器性能状况进行检查,但环保部门对监测子站气象仪器的相关性能检查还处于空白状态.结合国家环境空气质量自动监测网管理现状,研究采用现场比对方式进行气象仪器性能评估.试验过程中,温度、气压比对数...     

高速公路沿线PM2.5中重金属污染特征

为研究高速公路沿线PM_(2. 5)中重金属的污染特征,于2018年3～8月分3次集中采集南昌市周边3条高速公路(昌樟、昌铜和温厚)的服务区、收费站、隧道和公路沿线的PM_(2. 5)样品,运用电感耦合等离子体质谱联用仪(ICP-MS)监测了PM_(2. 5)中6种重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr和Ni)浓度,分析其污染状况和分布情况,并利用地累积指数法、潜在生态风险指数法评价其污染特征、潜在生态危害程度.结果表明,3条高速公路服务区和收费站的PM_(2. 5)和PM_(2. 5)中重金属均未表现出显著差异.高速公路沿线中PM_(2. 5)和PM_(2. 5)中的重金属显示为特长隧道长隧道公路沿线、服务区和收费站,重金属浓度从高到低依次为Zn(3. 8μg·m~(-3))、Pb(10. 2×10-2μg·m~(-3))、Cr(6. 8×10-2μg·m~(-3))、Cu(3. 5×10-2μg·m~(-3))、Ni(1. 5×10-2μg·m~(-3))和Cd(0. 1×10-2μg·m~(-3)).不同月份PM_(2. 5)及PM_(2. 5)中重金属浓度的显著差异可归结为温度和降水的影响.其中PM_(2. 5)的浓度与温度呈反相关,而PM_(2. 5)中Zn浓度与温度呈极显著正相关,主要是由于温度升高加重轮胎磨损和金属腐蚀.高速公路PM_(2. 5)中重金属污染程度和潜在生态危害程度表现为Zn和Cd Pb Cu Ni和Cr,其中Zn和Cd污染及危害程度是评价标准中最严重的等级,大气污染防治计划应着重考虑交通源的Zn和Cd污染.