阵列燃烧诱发火焰融合的判据及其可行性研究

为了探究一种判定多火源等间距阵列燃烧时火源参与火焰融合程度的判据,基于多火源等间距阵列燃烧试验,获得n×n(n取3~7）阵列各火源层在不同火源间距条件下的无量纲平均燃烧速率,采用自定义拟合的方法,拟合出各火源层的无量纲平均燃烧速率随无量纲火源间距的变化曲线,将所得拟合曲线与火源参与火焰融合的临界值曲线相交,便可得到各火源层的临界无量纲火源间距值。分析该值,发现其与火源层数呈良好的线性关系,且此线性直线与试验结果吻合度较高。从而,获得一种应用无量纲火源间距判定阵列火源参与火焰融合程度的简易判据。     

沈阳浑河冲洪积扇土壤的重金属空间分布特征及来源

以沈阳市浑河冲洪积扇下游的彰驿站镇为研究区,实测分析了98个土壤表层(0~20 cm)样品中的w(Cr)、w(Cu)、w(Mn)、w(Ni)、w(Pb)、w(Zn)、w(Fe)、w(Hg)、w(As)和w(Cd),运用地统计学空间分析与多元统计源分析相结合的方法,对土壤中各重金属的质量分数、分布特征及其来源进行研究. 结果表明:除w(As)外,其余重金属的质量分数均超过辽宁省土壤中相应重金属的背景值,其中Hg和Cd积累最为显著,w(Hg)和w(Cd)分别是其相应背景值的2.33和5.44倍,对应的采样点中高于背景值的比例均接近100%,呈明显累积趋势. 地统计学空间分析表明,w(Ni)、w(Cr)和w(Fe)受土壤母质、地形等结构性变异主导,其他重金属质量分数主要受人为活动等随机因子的影响,w(Cu)、w(Pb)、w(Zn)、w(Hg)和w(Cd)分布规律比较相似,元素来源较为集中;10种重金属元素的来源可分为3类,其中Cr、Ni、Fe和Mn主要受自然因素的影响,Pb、Zn、Hg和Cd主要受人为因素的影响,而Cu和As受2种因素的协同影响.      

北京市不同主干道绿地群落对大气PM2.5浓度消减作用的影响

为研究城市道路两侧不同绿化带宽度及不同植物群落配置模式对消减大气中PM2.5浓度的作用,选择北京市四环主干道旁3种典型植物群落配置类型作为试验监测点,对0 m、6 m、16 m、26 m、36 m不同绿带宽度下PM2.5浓度分布与变化进行监测,并对其消减能力进行计算,分析PM2.5浓度变化与道路车流量、绿化带宽度及植物群落配置模式之间的关系。结果表明：（1）PM2.5浓度的日变化与车流量的日变化特征一致,道路绿地空气中PM2.5浓度的日变化呈现双峰单谷型特征,即早晚高、白天低,PM2.5浓度在8：00-10：00的交通早高峰期间增加,而后开始下降,到12：00-14：00左右达到最低值,之后呈持续上升状态,直至晚高峰19：00浓度达一天中的最大值。（2）不同植物群落配置模式对大气中PM2.5浓度的消减作用不同,群落内郁闭度高的多复层结构绿地对PM2.5消减作用优于郁闭度低的单层配置绿地模式;（3）分别对3类空气质量条件下,道路绿地对PM2.5消减作用进行评价。无污染或轻度污染（PM2.5〈100μg·m-3）环境下,绿地对PM2.5消减作用明显,26 m及36 m的绿带处消减作用最强,最高可达12.22%;中度污染（101μg·m-3201μg·m-3）天气条件下3种绿地对PM2.5的消减作用均不明显。     

Establishing conversation spaces in hastily formed networks: the worst fire in modern Swedish history

In presenting examples from the most extensive and demanding fire in modern Swedish history, this paper describes challenges facing hastily formed networks in exceptional situations. Two concepts that have been used in the analysis of the socio‐technical systems that make up a response are conversation space and sensemaking. This paper argues that a framework designed to promote understanding of the sensemaking process must take into consideration the time and the location at which an individual is engaged in an event. In hastily formed networks, location is partly mediated through physical systems that form conversation spaces of players and their interaction practices. This paper identifies and discusses four challenges to the formation of shared conversation spaces. It is based on the case study of the 2006 Bodträskfors forest fire in Sweden and draws on the experiences of organised volunteers and firefighters who participated in a hastily formed network created to combat the fire.     

职工群体性突发事件发生原因演化分析及对策研究

随着经济增速放缓及劳动力成本上升,职工要求增加工资与企业渴望廉价劳动力的矛盾愈发明显。劳资冲突、职工群体性突发事件不断发生,对维护社会稳定带来严峻考验。通过统计分析2011-2015年间我国职工群体性突发事件,得出拖欠工资、管理不善、企业改制或搬迁、诉求提高工资待遇及不满工作条件、环境五个因素为导致职工群体性突发事件发生的主要原因。引入马尔科夫理论,计算职工群体性突发事件诱发因素的马尔科夫演化过程,得到趋势因子。并以2015年下半年为初始数据,对2016-2018年上半年职工群体性突发事件的原因变化趋势进行预测。针对预测结果,对欠薪事件、政企管理制度不完善等因素提出对策措施,为科学预防职工群体性突发事件提供技术支持。     

北京市道路绿地消减PM2.5总量及其健康效益评估

以交通污染严重的北京市建成区为研究区,在前人实地观测的基础上,利用泊松回归相对风险度模型与环境健康价值评估方法,定量评估了北京市道路绿地消减PM2.5总量及其健康效益.结果表明:北京市建成区道路绿地年消减PM2.5总量为1.09t;对降低人群健康风险作用较为显著,可减少受危害总数约3024例,其中早逝18例、呼吸系统疾病住院53例、心血管疾病住院25例、儿科门诊324例、内科门诊761例、急性支气管炎1134例、慢性支气管炎264例、哮喘445例;带来的健康经济效益为1.98亿元.建议加强道路绿地建设,丰富植被层次结构,以积极应对城市交通空气污染.     

Spatial memory, habitat auto-facilitation and the emergence of fractal home range patterns

Animals interact with their habitat in a manner which involves both negative and positive feedback mechanisms. We apply a specific modeling approach, “multi-scaled random walk”, for the scenario where a spatially explicit positive feedback process emerges from a combination of a spatial memory-dependent tendency to return to familiar patches and a consequently objective or subjective improvement of the quality of these patches (habitat auto-facilitation). In addition to the potential for local resource improvement from physically altering a patch, primarily known from the ecology of grazing ungulates, auto-facilitation from site fidelity may also embed more subtle subjective, individual-specific advantages from patch familiarity. Under the condition of resource superabundance, fitness gain from intra-home range patch fidelity creates a self-reinforcing use of the preferred patches on expense of a broader foraging in a priori equally favorable patches. Through this process, our simulations show that a spatially fractal dispersion of accumulated locations of the individual will emerge under the given model assumptions. Based on a conjecture that intra-home range patch fidelity depends on spatial memory we apply the multi-scaled random walk model to construct a spatially explicit habitat suitability parameter H_ij, which quantifies the dispersion of the generally most constraining resource from the individual's perspective. An intra-home range set of observed H-scores, H_obs, can then be estimated from a simple 2-scale calculation that is derived from the local dispersion of fixes. We show how the spatially explicit habitat utilization index H_obs not necessarily correlates positively with the local density fluctuations of fixes. The H-index solves some well-known problems from using the pattern of local densities of telemetry fixes - the classic utilization distribution - as a proxy variable for relative intra-home range habitat quality and resource selection. A pilot study on a set of telemetry fixes collected from a herd of free-ranging domestic sheep with overlapping summer home ranges illustrates how the H-index may be estimated and interpreted as a first-level approach towards a more extensive analysis of intra-home range habitat resource availability and patch preferences. Spatial memory in combination with site fidelity requires a modeling framework that explicitly describes the property of positive feedback mechanism under auto-facilitation in a spatio-temporally explicit manner.     

城市绿地系统动态及与土地利用关系研究—以上海西南地区为例

以上海西南地区为例,对城市边缘区包括公共绿地,大田,菜地,水体等在内地城市绿地系统特征及其演变进行分析,同时将其动态与其他土地利用类型进行比较研究,并在此基础上提出城市绿地系统建设的对策,要使城市绿化不滞后于城市建设,避免今后用昂贵的代价来发展绿化,关键是城市绿化应该扩大其概念的内涵,着重从城市绿地系统的角度来发展城市绿化,同时规划在前,确保土地资源,加强绿地系统研究,以提高城市生态质量。     

植物病原细菌的BIOLOG系统鉴定及其多元统计初析

Ｂｉｏｌｏｇ细菌鉴定系统已广泛应用于细菌快速鉴定 ,通过比较菌株碳源利用的代谢指纹 ,还可用于细菌分类研究[1～ 4 \〗.该系统具有自动化和标准化程度高、结果快速准确和操作简便等优点 ,它主要根据细菌对 95种碳源的利用情况 ,以四唑紫 (Ｔｅｔｒａｚｏｌｉｕｍ)为指示剂 ,Ｂｉｏｌｏｇ代谢指纹经计算机处理并与数据库内已知细菌比较 ,实现对待测菌的快速鉴定 .Ｂｉｏｌｏｇ系统用于细菌分类研究中 ,除已广泛采用聚类分析并以树状图表示菌株间的相似关系外 ,近年来 ,国外许多学者已应用多元统计方法 (主成分分析、因子分析和方差分析 )…     

超积累植物在时空、科属内的分布特点及寻找方法

探讨了超积累植物在时空、科属内的分布特点和正常植物演化出镍超积累特性必备的 2个基本条件 ,介绍了国外 2种常用的寻找超积累植物的方法。