污水处理设施性能评价中的赋权相关分析

提出利用二步层次分析法确定权系数,将模糊关系处理数据的多指标相关分析法应用于污水处理厂的综合性能评价之中。实例分析结果表明,该方法具有赋权合理,计算方便,一致性程度高,受决策者主观因素影响小,评价结果可靠等特点。     

Characterization of aliphatic hydrocarbons in deep subsurface soils near the outskirts of Beijing, China

Thirty-nine deep subsurface soils( 150—180 cm depth) near the outskirts of Beijing were investagated. The concentrations including n-alkanes from C13 to C36, pristane and phytane were in the range of 0.60 to 170.10μg/g, with a median value of 4.26. Carbon preference index values for n-alkanes ranged from 1.08 to 2.98, with a median value of 1.48. The percentage contribution of “wax” nalkanes was in the range of 6.03%--46.22%. A predominance of odd/even carbon n-alkanes and unresolved complex mixtures with different shapes and ranges were frequently observed. Factor analysis reduced the data set into three principal components and confirming contributions from low ( 19.58% ), medium ( 20.49% ) molecular weight species and long-chain n-alkanes (43.41% ), respectively.Molecular biomarkers such as pristane, phytane, hopanes and steranes were detected. Based on the principal component analysis, the concentration profiles and molecular markers, it was found that the aliphatic hydrocarbons were from both biogenic and anthropogenic sources.     

State-By-State Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Fossil Fuel Use in the United States 1960–2000

Time series of fossil fuel carbon emissions from 1960–2000 for each of the U.S. states and the District of Columbia are presented and discussed. Comparison of the nationally summarized results with other national datasets shows generally good agreement, usually within 2%, and gives insight into the quality of all the data series. Our extension of the state-by-state emissions estimates back to 1960 reveals patterns of change that are coherent across states and can be related to historic events such as energy crises and federal legislation. Most notable is the changing pattern of coal usage, as coal-producing states produce increasingly more energy (mostly for electricity) for other states so that per capita CO₂ emissions diverge for states that import as opposed to those that export electricity. The decline in carbon emissions from petroleum products following the 1970s is also evident. Per capita emissions range over an order of magnitude for the different states. The data suggest that differences in per capita emissions arise from differences in many technological, physical, resource, social, and economic factors. The data presented here and the few correlations briefly noted pose a challenge for trying to use per capita emissions as a measure of equity or to provide mitigation targets.     

浅析黄河流域及黄淮海平原降水时空分布特征及其与水资源合理利用之互补

黄河是西北—华北地区工农业生产和生活的重要水资源。如何结合流域内降水时空分布特征及农业需水规律,适应自然条件和经济发展,对黄河水从时间、空间、数量上进行调节性利用,达到河水与降水互补,对于充分利用黄河水资源具有重要意义。本文就此问题进行研究,用经验正交函数分解的方法对黄河流域不同年型和主要作物发育期的降水时空分布进行分析,并根据分析结果提出了合理利用黄河水资源的建议。     

东洞庭湖长江江豚及其与鱼类资源相关性

为掌握东洞庭湖长江江豚种群动态分布规律及其与鱼类资源的相关关系，2012年6月~2017年12月，对东洞庭湖进行了54次长江江豚种群调查和8次水声学鱼类资源空间分布调查.调查结果显示：（1）共发现长江江豚1110头次，分布在湘阴-洞庭大桥之间长约65km的区域内；（2）100% MCP）、95% MCP、75% MCP和50% MCP下，长江江豚栖息地面积依次为161.3、114.26、76.95和64.31km²，占保护区总面积百分比依次为24.18%、17.13%、11.54%和9.63%；（3）不同水位条件下，长江江豚观测群次和头次差异显著，枯水期可观测到群次和头次最高，分别为（13.92±4.64）群次/次和（31.92±7.17）头次/次，丰水期观测群次和头次最低，分别为（5.17±1.64）群次/次和（17.25±7.46）头次/次；（4）水声学调查结果显示，2013年3月东洞庭湖鱼类资源平均密度最高为57.21尾/1000m³，东洞庭湖鱼类密度与水位呈弱负相关关系，相关系数r=-0.601（P>0.05）；（5）GIS模型分析结果显示，东洞庭湖鱼类资源低水位时期（枯水期和退水期后期），集中分布于扁山至鲶鱼口区域，高水位时期，东洞庭湖鱼类资源分布较为分散；（6）方差分析结果显示，东洞庭湖低水位期鱼类资源水平密度分布不均，扁山至煤炭湾区域鱼类资源水平空间平均密度最高，与其它区域有显著性差异（P<0.05），高水位时期鱼类分布较为均匀，方差分析显示，除煤炭湾至鹿角区域与城陵矶至洞庭大桥区域和扁山至煤炭湾区域分别有显著差异之外（P<0.05），其他水域之间无显著性差异（P>0.05）；（7）Pearson相关性分析显示长江江豚头次与对应的鱼类密度呈显著正相关，R²=0.86，P<0.01，长江江豚可能具有随鱼群迁徙的行为特征.     

环境监测中的各种相关系数及其程序计算

本文介绍了用FoxPor语言编制的秩相关系数、相关系数和匹配度计算程序，可在环境监测中代替计算器使用，具有效率高、稳定好、操作简便等优点。     

黄土丘陵“梯田退耕”生态重建及地域分异特征

基于黄土丘陵区过去10年科技攻关成果及延安燕沟流域示范成功经验,在总结“梯田退耕”生态重建模式特点的基础上,根据土地利用、坡耕地和1999年农业人口数据计算了各县(市、区)需新修梯田、园地扩建、林草植被恢复的面积及投资需求额度。通过构建并采用基本农田扩建指数、园地扩建指数、林草植被恢复指数以及投资需求密度等指标对55个县(市、区)进行了类型划分和地域分异特征分析。结果表明:黄土丘陵区需新修梯田面积69.16×104hm2,新扩建经济林果园地面积79.2×104hm2,林草植被恢复面积541.02×104hm2,投资需求总额度158.2×108元;生态重建在地域分布上明显存在两个重点区,一个位于陕北和晋西北交界地区,另一个位于陇东和宁南地区;宜及早制定区域性分类指导政策,并应将有限的资金集中在重点区。     

阜新市机动车尾气污染物排放现状分析

文中对阜新市的机动车尾气监测结果进行了统计分析，结果表明，汽油机动车一氧化碳排放浓度平均值为1．2％，碳氢化合物排放浓度平均值为355．0ppm；汽油机动车尾气排放超标率为6．09％；不同车型的统计结采表明，一氧化碳和碳氢化合物排放浓度平均值；柴油机动车的烟气黑度平均值为3．87，柴油机动车尾气排放超标牢为24．11％，明显高于汽油机动车（6．09％）；柴油机动车不同车型的统计结果表明，烟气黑度平均值，轿车〈货车〈客车。排放尾气的烟气黑度超标率为轿车〈客车〈货车；相关分析结果表明，汽油机动车尾气中一氧化碳排放浓度与碳氢化合物排放浓度有极显著的正相关，轿车、客车、货车的相关系数分别为0．5518、0．4059、0．4714。     

Conserving Slow-Growing, Long-Lived Tree Species: Input from the Demography of a Rare Understory Conifer, Taxus floridana

Abstract:  Although land preservation and promotion of successful regeneration are important conservation actions, their ability to increase population growth rates of slow-growing, long-lived trees is limited. We investigated the demography of Taxus floridana Nutt., a rare understory conifer, in three populations in different ravine forests spanning its entire geographic range along the Apalachicola River Bluffs in northern Florida (U.S.A.). We examined spatial and temporal patterns in demographic parameters and projected population growth rates by using four years of data on the recruitment and survival of seedlings and established stems, and on diameter growth from cross-sections of dead stems. All populations experienced a roughly 10-fold increase in seedling recruitment in 1996 compared with other years. The fates of seedlings and stems between 8 and 16 mm differed among populations. The fates of stems in two other size classes (the 2- to 4-mm class and the 4- to 8-mm class) differed among both populations and years. Individual stems in all populations exhibited similarly slow growth rates. Stochastic matrix models projected declines in all populations. Stochastic matrix analysis revealed the high elasticity of a measure of stochastic population growth rate to perturbations in the stasis of large reproductive stems for all populations. Additional analyses also indicated that occasional episodes of high recruitment do not greatly affect population growth rates. Conservation efforts directed at long-lived, slow-growing rare plants like Taxus floridana should both protect established reproductive individuals and further enhance survival of individuals in other life-history stages, such as juveniles, that often do not appear to contribute greatly to population growth rates.     

福建梅花山国家级自然保护区拟赤杨种群分布格局的分形分析

分形理论中的计盒维数、信息维数和关联维数能分别从空间占据程度、格局强度和个体空间关联的尺度变化角度,揭示种群分布格局的尺度变化特征.本文应用以上3个分形维数探讨了福建梅花山国家级自然保护区拟赤杨种群分布格局的多尺度分布规律,计算结果表明,拟赤杨种群的分布格局具有分形特征,其计盒维数为1.0298～1.2982,信息维数为0.9728～1.2464,关联维数为0.5089～0.8047.拟赤杨种群的计盒维数、信息维数较高,而关联维数较小,表明该种群的分布格局强度相对较高,结构相对复杂,具有集聚分布的趋势.