Spatial Pattern Analysis of Regional Water Use Profile Based on the Gini Coefficient and Location Quotient

Water resources have become a barrier hampering socioeconomic development. Changes in the spatial distribution of water use profile have direct impacts to regional water use efficiency. However, the related research is inadequate, and a more suitable way to analyze regional water use profile is necessary. The Gini coefficient and location quotient, two reliable methods commonly used in discussing the spatial distribution of elements, were introduced and calculated. Taking Gansu Province as the study area, the concentration effect of industrial water use was the strongest, followed by domestic, environmental, and agricultural water use. However, a balanced distribution of agricultural water use failed to be coordinated with the production conditions, the center of Gansu’s grain production should be established to enhance the scale effect of agricultural production. The industrial agglomeration effect remained weak, and each region’s dominant industries need to be developed vigorously. Gansu’s domestic water use was consistent with its population distribution, but it is necessary to reduce the water use gap between urban and rural areas. With a growing awareness of environmental protection, environmental water use exhibited a more balanced distribution. Overall, the methods are simple and have good applicability, and the results can provide a reference in water use optimization.     

吉林省资源型城市可持续空间重构研究

以典型资源型城市吉林省辽源市为案例,探讨其城市空间结构的现状特征和空间问题;在理论框架分析与经验分析的基础上,从市区和市域两个尺度提出辽源市可持续城市空间结构的优化途径.     

Urban environmental justice through the camera: understanding the politics of space and the right to the city

Using the lens of Lefebvre's spatial trialectics, we assess the utility of photo-elicited interviewing for environmental justice, recognising that a view to social spatial analysis is essential to engaging with the historical processes of exclusion and discrimination that are crucial to explaining why unequal distributions of environmental injustice are systemic and not random. Drawing on insights from our own photo-elicited interviewing-based work in the neighbourhood called Parkdale in Toronto, we make two main recommendations for future environmental justice work using photo-elicited interviewing. First, researchers must be open to a broader epistemology, one that draws on a more spatially nuanced and temporally evolving knowledge of the full range of environmental influences on communities. Second, in order to arrive at a more robust critical analysis of social space, researchers should complement photo-elicited interviewing with historical research about the relevant communities and include participants from other comparative communities.     

In-between regional disparities and spatial heterogeneity: a multivariate analysis of territorial divides in Italy

Processes such as economic polarization, social disparities and the asymmetric distribution of natural capital are becoming progressively more interlinked in developed countries and may reflect the uneven decline of the ‘centre-periphery’ model. The assessment of regional disparities and spatial heterogeneity in socioeconomic phenomena is a key issue in regional studies and takes advantage of the use of multi-domain frameworks and decision support systems. We performed an exploratory analysis of 133 indicators assessing seven thematic domains (demography/settlements, labour market, economic structure, quality of life, agriculture/rural development, landscape/water, environment/soil resources) with the aim of investigating regional disparities in Italy in the light of territorial changes driven by urbanization, industrial decentralization, agricultural intensification and land abandonment. The results of our study indicate that latitude, elevation and urban gradients have determined a complex spatial pattern in both socioeconomic and environmental variables in Italy. The proposed approach provides an overall assessment of the intensity of territorial disparities on a regional scale for each thematic domain, and of intra-region spatial heterogeneity for each indicator, representing a decision-making tool for policies targeting a sustainable and spatially balanced development.     

Transboundary marine spatial planning: a reflexive marine governance experiment?

Because seas and coastlines are shared between states, the formulation and implementation of marine spatial planning (MSP) should be transboundary by nature. The main argument of this paper is that MSP should be organized as a transboundary policy-making process, but this is hampered by the conceptual and institutional fragmentation MSP is facing. Based on an analysis of four transboundary planning processes in different European seas, the paper gives insight into the possibilities to develop and implement transboundary marine spatial planning (TMSP). To overcome the conceptual and institutional challenges, TMSP should be developed as a reflexive governance arrangement, in which the actors involved are able to change the rules of the game and to challenge the existing (national-oriented) MSP discourses. The paper develops four forms of reflexivity (unreflectiveness; performative reflectiveness; structural reflectiveness; and reflexivity) to assess TMSP processes and to formulate conditions which are crucial to develop TMSP as a reflexive marine governance arrangement.     

Evidence of the impacts of the national housing programme on the accessibility of the low‐income population in Rio de Janeiro

The Brazilian shift from a primarily rural to a more urban society has created major challenges that public policies must address. One of the most relevant challenges is deep social exclusion in urban areas, especially in terms of adequate housing and access to urban opportunities (e.g., jobs, housing, and services). In this context, land use and transport planning play a critical role in the sustainable development agenda. The work presented here analyses the accessibility of low‐income dwellings licenced under the Brazilian housing programme to the low‐income population. To evaluate the accessibility of the programme's target population, a case study was conducted in the city of Rio de Janeiro, where 58,000 homes licensed under the programme were analysed using GIS tools in terms of the present public transport network and the location of the homes. The amount of time it takes to access public transport on foot and the homes’ locations in relation to major urban opportunities were also analysed. Finally, the same analysis was performed for the future transport network, and the results of the two analyses were compared to identify the scope of the legacy generated by investments in preparation for the 2016 network.     

海洋信息系统图件的输入与数字化仪的连接

本文论述了各类海洋信息系统建设过程中空间数据的输入方法，比较了各种数字化方式的优缺点，并以数字化仪数字化作为空间数据的输入方式，就常见的ＧＩＳ软件ＡＲＣ／ＩＮＦＯ为例，对数字化仪参数的设置、数字化仪数据格式与ＡＲＣ／ＩＮＦＯ软件数据格式的匹配，连接状况测试等问题具体地介绍了实际解决问题的方案，为常见的数字化仪与ＧＩＳ软件连接问题提供了一个可借鉴的范例，同时为海洋信息系统空间信息的建立奠定了基础。     

东湖溶解态磷酸酶的活性、动力学特征及其空间分布

湖泊中酶的活性是具有监测意义的生物化学参数．不同季节东湖纳污点的溶解态碱性磷酸酶活性（ＡＰＡＤｉｓｓ）显著高于湖区水样中的相应值．在纳污点和湖区,ＡＰＡＤｉｓｓ与溶解正磷酸盐浓度的关系不尽一致．与表层水相比,富营养型湖区沉积物间隙水中的ＡＰＡＤｉｓｓ及其动力学参数均明显不同．郭郑湖区表层水ＡＰＡＤｉｓｓ的非均一性空间分布是不同来源且具不同动力学特征的酶循不同的反应机制共同作用的结果,它反应了湖泊污染程度、营养水平以及有机物质转化效率的概况．     

不同水分管理方式下水稻生长季N_2O排放量估算:模型应用

基于田间原位测定结果,作者建立了不同水分管理方式下稻田N2O排放估算的统计模型.在模型验证和输入参数检验的基础上,本研究应用模型估算了20世纪50～90年代我国稻田水稻生长季N2O直接排放量.结果表明,由于水稻种植面积和氮输入量的增加、以及水分管理方式的变化,稻田N2O-N季节排放量从20世纪50年代平均每年9.55 Gg增加到了90年代每年32.26 Gg,同期伴随着水稻单产的增加.在20世纪50～90年代间,我国水稻生产的N2O-N排放量以平均每10 a 6.74 Gg的速度递增.20世纪50年代和90年代稻田N2O-N季节排放通量平均分别为0.32 kg·hm-2和1.00 kg·hm-2,相当于季节氮输入总量的0.37%和0.46%.本研究模型估算50～90年代间稻田N2O季节排放量的不确定性为59.8%～37.5%.就全国稻田的不同种植区域而言,长江中下游地区稻田水稻生长季N2O排放量占全国稻田N2O排放总量的51%～56%.20世纪90年代水稻生长季N2O排放量约占我国农田N2O年总排放量的8%～11%.相对于旱地作物而言,过去几十年水稻生产的发展在很大程度上减缓了我国农业生产的N2O排放.然而,随着水稻生产中节水灌溉的推广和氮肥施用量的增加,我国稻田N2O季节排放量预计将相应增加.