Fisheries management: integrating societal preference, decision analysis, and ecological risk assessment

Fisheries management is the practice of analyzing and selecting options to maintain or alter the structure, dynamics, and interaction of habitat, aquatic biota, and man to achieve human goals and objectives. The theory of fisheries management is: managers or decision makers attempt to maximize renewable `output' from an aquatic resource by choosing from among a set of decision options and applying a set of actions that generate an array of outputs. Outputs may be defined as a tangible catch, a fishing experience, an existence value, or anything else produced or supported by renewable aquatic resources. Overall output is always a mix of tangible and intangible elements. However defined, management goals and objectives are essential components of fisheries management or any other field of renewable natural resource management. Reaching consensus on management goals and objectives has never been a simple task. Beyond the broad and often conflicting goals of an agency, managers must decide who should set specific management objectives — agency personnel, the public, or a combination of the two. Historically, rhetoric aside, fisheries managers in North America nearly always have consulted with professionals in governmental roles to set management objectives. In a strongly pluralistic society, this often resulted in protracted political and legal conflict. Increasingly, there are calls for use of risk assessment to help solve such ecological policy and management problems commonly encountered in fisheries management. The basic concepts of ecological risk assessment may be simple, but the jargon and details are not. Risk assessment (and similar analytical tools) is a concept that has evoked strong reactions whenever it has been used. In spite of the difficulties of defining problems and setting management objectives for complex ecological policy questions, use of risk assessment to help solve ecological problems is widely supported. Ecological risk assessment will be most useful (and objective) in political deliberations when the policy debate revolves around largely technical concerns. To the extent that risk assessment forces policy debate and disagreement toward fundamental differences rather than superficial ones, it will be useful in decision making.     

Microwave digestion method in environmental analysis

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环境审计方法与实践

环境审计是深化环境管理的一项重要手段，受到很多国家环境保护部门的重视并积极推广，文章详细阐述了环境审计的定义，范围，目的和具体工作步骤，并根据实际调查，对一家造纸厂进行了环境审计，取得了显著的效果，证明环境审计对开展废物减量和清洁生产有重要作用。     

The hierarchy and spatial characteristics of ecosystems: A reconsideration of the ecosystem concept (II)

This paper, based on the autonomy concept, continues to investigate hierarchical forms and spatial structure of ecosystems. The former can lead to limits for the selection of the component parts of an ecosystem and a distinction between its endogenous and exogenous variables; and the latter can be lead to a hypothesis of the space of an ecosystem: the space of an ecosystem = its habitat area + supporting area + impact area, and two characteristics of ecosystems, space-overlapping and the area of ecosystem space, have been further studied referring to human activities.     

大气中苯乙烯的气相色谱法测定

采用活性炭管吸附大气中基苯乙烯，以二硫化碳洗脱，以溴水加成后，用气相色谱电子捕获器测定苯乙烯的二溴加成物。本方法适合于检测多种污染物共存的大气中痕量苯乙烯。其线性范围为０．０１５－０．７４ｎｇ，最低检出浓度为０．００１ｍｇ／ｍ＾３；重现性实验的变异系数为２．３％：当活性炭管吸附苯乙烯在２．９μｇ时，回收率为９０％，吸附苯乙烯０．２９μｇ时，回收率为７２％。     

云南热海热田中的碱金属元素

1982至1983年在云南腾冲一已知水热区及其毗邻约 60km² 范围内采集了131个土壤样品。样品分析结果表明锂和铷的异常能圈定两个已知水热区,且与若干已知热田地球化学指示元素的异常相当一致,从而进一步肯定了这一地区的开发前景。与此同时,对区内水样中的钠钾含量也进行了测定并做出解译。锂铷和已知地球化学指标之间的相关分析表明它们之间确存有某种内在联系,同时可看出盐湖与古地热系统之间的一些联系。最后得出结论:土壤中的锂铷可作为圈定热田的地球化学指标;地热系统不仅能作为能源资源而且也应视作矿产资源。     

生命周期评价数据库分析与建模

基于关系数据库和面向对象程序设计理论建立了生命周期评价数据库系统。通过综合分析生命周期评价数据，根据生命周期评价数据的数据类型，将数据分为产品评价数据、产品档案数据、基础材料数据和影响评价基础数据，相应的设计了4个数据库。运用关系数据库理论分别对4个数据库建立了物理结构模型。     

运用过程分析法有效推进清洁生产

运用过程分析式清洁生产审计开展清洁生产，通过对工艺过程、作业活动的过程分析，充分查找物料流失环节及废弃物的排放点．不需过多的经济投入解决物料计量问题，不需用物料衡算方法，而且查找细致、全面、有效且易于操作，不易遗漏，更有利于企业的清洁生产。     

烟气自动在线监控系统的历史发展与技术分析

对现阶段我国烟气自动在线监测系统(对固定污染源排放的烟气中的SO2、NOx、CO等气态污染物进行自动连续监测和数据自动在线传输的系统,称为Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems,简称CEMS)仪器设备市场上的三种主要技术方法:直接分析法,in-situ;完全抽取法,Extractive;稀释法,Dilution,结合安装使用现场实际工作,进行了对比与分析,并提出了烟气自动在线监测系统CEMS的改良方法与发展方向.     

城市生活垃圾综合处理系统的选择

以上海城市生活垃圾处置为对象，利用层次分析方法，选择了分选回收＋堆肥＋卫生填埋的综合处置系统，并且确定了堆肥方式应首先考虑仓式静态好氧堆肥。经过运行费比较，所选择的综合处置系统比现行的处置系统具有明显的优势。