A genoscape-network model for conservation prioritization in a migratory bird

Migratory animals are declining worldwide and coordinated conservation efforts are needed to reverse current trends. We devised a novel genoscape-network model that combines genetic analyses with species distribution modeling and demographic data to overcome challenges with conceptualizing alternative risk factors in migratory species across their full annual cycle. We applied our method to the long distance, Neotropical migratory bird, Wilson's Warbler (Cardellina pusilla). Despite a lack of data from some wintering locations, we demonstrated how the results can be used to help prioritize conservation of breeding and wintering areas. For example, we showed that when genetic, demographic, and network modeling results were considered together it became clear that conservation recommendations will differ depending on whether the goal is to preserve unique genetic lineages or the largest number of birds per unit area. More specifically, if preservation of genetic lineages is the goal, then limited resources should be focused on preserving habitat in the California Sierra, Basin Rockies, or Coastal California, where the 3 most vulnerable genetic lineages breed, or in western Mexico, where 2 of the 3 most vulnerable lineages overwinter. Alternatively, if preservation of the largest number of individuals per unit area is the goal, then limited conservation dollars should be placed in the Pacific Northwest or Central America, where densities are estimated to be the highest. Overall, our results demonstrated the utility of adopting a genetically based network model for integrating multiple types of data across vast geographic scales and better inform conservation decision-making for migratory animals.     

花岗岩颗粒流模型循环压缩作用下裂纹特征分析

为了分析花岗岩颗粒流模型循环作用下的裂纹特征，基于花岗岩单轴压缩试验得到的应力应变曲线，完成了PFC3D数值试验的参数标定，探讨了不同循环次数下数值试件内部裂纹数目、分布和角度的变化规律。研究结果表明:平行黏结模型能够正确表达花岗岩的主要力学性质；在数值试验加载至破坏过程中，裂纹数目以应力应变曲线峰值点为分界，峰后阶段产生的裂纹数占总裂纹数的60%~90%;张剪裂纹最初产生于试件两端，随着加载进行，裂纹向着试件中部发展贯通，最终形成宏观剪切破坏带；剪切裂纹的角度分布方向明显，与轴向加载方向相同；张拉裂纹角度分布则在轴向加载方向和水平方向上略显集中。研究结果可为矿山安全回采矿柱提供依据。     

吐鲁番盆地水资源持续利用研究

吐鲁番盆地是中国陆地最低的山间盆地，也是新疆水资源量最少的地区之一。其水资源开发利用及其引起的环境变化，是关系到该区持续发展的关键问题。本文从合理利用水资源的角度着重分析了吐鲁番地区水资源开发模式及带来的环境问题，并提出了今后水资源持续利用的途径。     

西藏措勤地区年波组岩石地球化学特征

林子宗群年波组为始新世火山岩地层,岩性主要为一套中-酸性火山熔岩、火山碎屑岩,局部夹淡水灰岩.野外地质调查和室内岩石学、岩石地球化学等综合研究成果显示这些岩石属钙碱性系列岩石,不相容元素K、Rb、Ba、Th强烈富集和Nb、Sr、P、Ti等元素明显亏损等特征,且明显受区域断裂构造控制,与区域构造演化有密切的内在联系.研究这一地史时期的火山岩的分布、产状、岩石学、岩石地球化学和同位素年代学,对于进一步认识青藏高原的形成和隆升不仅具有重要的科学意义,而且将为探寻与火山活动有关的矿产资源提供基础地质资料.     

中国农业碳排放的空间分异与动态演进——基于空间和非参数估计方法的实证研究

为研究农业碳排放的空间分布与动态演进规律，运用1993~2017年中国大陆29个省份的面板数据，在分省测算农业碳排放量和农业碳排放强度的基础上，将空间和非参数估计方法相结合，考察了中国农业碳排放的空间分异及其动态演进.结果表明：中国农业碳排放量呈“中心-外围”模式分布，且表现出向“外围”扩散的趋势；碳排放强度呈逐渐下降的趋势，表现为西高东低的阶梯状分布特征；碳排放的地区间差距不断缩小，农业碳排放的增长分布由“二主一小”向“一主”的格局转变，与此同时，中国农业碳排放还表现出由“两极”向“多极”转变的分布格局.     

陕西三河湿地的演化与保护

陕西三河湿地位于陕西关中平原的东缘,是典型的河流温地.根据三河湿地发育的地貌、水文、植被、土壤、生物等自然背景特征,将湿地类型划分成系、类和种3个层次.在此基础上分析了三河湿地的演化,由于自然与人为因影响相互叠加,使湿地退化过程加速,针对目前湿地现状提出湿地资源保护与可持续利用的建议与对策.     

马里亚纳海槽玄武岩K-Ar定年及其地质意义

对马里亚纳海槽弧后扩张脊上所采集的玄武岩样品进行了系统的K -Ar定年 ,同时结合研究玄武岩的微量元素以及稀土元素特征后指出 ,马里亚纳海槽的张开及与之伴随发生的玄武岩浆活动自晚中新世以来一直都在进行 ,其主活动期为 2～ 4Ma。海槽玄武岩年龄在空间上具有从南到北逐渐变新的演化规律。据此 ,推断该海槽的扩张演化可能受控于该区内热区的迁移及运动规律     

Miocene to recent history of the western Altiplano in northern Chile revealed by lacustrine sediments of the Lauca basin (18°15′–18°40′ S/69°30′–69°05′W)

The intramontane Lauca Basin at the western margin of the northern Chilean Altiplano lies to the west of and is topographically isolated from the well-known Plio-Pleistocene lake system of fluvio-lacustrine origin that covers the Bolivian Altiplano from Lake Titicaca to the north for more than 800?km to the Salar de Uyuni in the south. The Lauca Basin is filled by a sequence of some 120?m of mainly upper Miocene to Pliocene clastic and volcaniclastic sediments of lacustrine and alluvial origin. Volcanic rocks, partly pyroclastic, provide useful marker horizons. In the first period (6–4?Ma) of its evolution, the 'Lago Lauca' was a shallow ephemeral lake. Evaporites indicate temporarily closed conditions. After 4?Ma the lake changed to a perennial water body surrounded by alluvial plains. In the late Pleistocene and Holocene (2–0?Ma) there was only marginal deposition of alluvial and glacial sediments. The basin formed as a half-graben or by pull-apart between 10 and 15?Ma (tectonic displacement of the basal ignimbrite sequence during the 'Quechua Phase') and 6.2?Ma (maximum K/Ar ages of biotites of tuff horizons in the deepest part of the basin). Apart from this early basin formation, there has been surprisingly little displacement during the past 6?Ma close to the Western Cordillera of the Altiplano. Also, climate indicators (pollen, evaporites, sedimentary facies) suggest that an arid climate has existed for the past 6?Ma on the Altiplano. Together, these pieces of evidence indicate the absence of large scale block-faulting, tilt and major uplift during the past 5–6?Ma in this area.     

佛冈铝质A型花岗岩的地球化学及其形成环境初探

对广东佛冈岩体的初步研究表明 ,这一以往一直被认为是典型S型花岗岩的大岩基 ,其主体 (燕山第三期 )应为铝质A型花岗岩。岩石富SiO2 [W(SiO2 )为 69 2 1 %～ 77 72 % ]、准铝质 (A/NKC =0 97～ 1 0 6)。FeO /MgO比值较高 (平均 1 0 6) ,高于S型和I型花岗岩。在微量元素组成上 ,岩体明显亏损Sr、Ba、Ti、P、Eu,富Ga和高场强元素Nb,Ta,Zr等 ,与我国东南沿海A型花岗岩和世界典型A型花岗岩微量元素分布型式相似。全岩Rb Sr等时线年龄为 1 5 8± 1 7Ma,(87Sr/86 Sr) i为 0 71 5 6。钕模式年龄为 1 2 8～ 1 64Ga。一般认为A型花岗岩来源于I型花岗岩或大量抽提了S型花岗岩物质后的地壳源区 ,本研究表明 ,佛冈岩体可能直接来源于地壳物质的部分熔融 ,但不排除有地幔物质的加入。佛冈铝质A型花岗岩 南昆山A型花岗岩 恶鸡脑碱性正长岩这一造山后至非造山的构造岩浆组合的确定 ,揭示了区内乃至整个中国东南大陆岩石圈碰撞造山运动的结束和大规模的拉张伸展运动应始于晚侏罗世 ,至白垩纪造山带山根构造完全消失、拉张 伸展作用达到高峰     

古鄱阳湖中生代盆地充填序列和演化特征

古鄱阳湖中生代盆地的研究表明，该盆地并不是简单的白垩纪盆地，而是历经多次构造旋回的复杂盆地。盆地多次成生、萎缩、上升，均是燕山运动的结果。