南京市大气PM2.5时空分布特征与潜在源区贡献分析

对2017年南京市区7个自动空气质量监测点的PM_(2.5)质量浓度ρ(PM_(2.5))数据进行分析,采用克里金(Kringing)空间插值法、气流运动轨迹聚类、潜在源贡献因子法(PSCF)和浓度权重轨迹分析法(CWT)探讨了四季大气中ρ(PM_(2.5))的时空分布特征和潜在来源。结果显示,四季大气中ρ(PM_(2.5))均值由高到低依次为冬季(65. 54μg/m~3)、春季(41. 70μg/m~3)、秋季(35. 18μg/m~3)和夏季(23. 56μg/m~3),秦淮区四季大气中ρ(PM_(2.5))均最高。春季南京大气中ρ(PM_(2.5))易受黄海海岸和北方大陆性输送气流的影响,来自黄海方向的气流轨迹2贡献比例达51. 65%,对应的ρ(PM_(2.5))为50. 91μg/m~3;夏季南京大气中ρ(PM_(2.5))主要受江苏、东部海洋和南部沿海城市输送气流的影响,其中源自江苏的气流轨迹1对南京大气PM_(2.5)贡献比例最大(33. 64%),气流轨迹对应的ρ(PM_(2.5))为35μg/m~3;秋季南京大气中ρ(PM_(2.5))易受短距离的偏北气流影响,来自山西南部,河南中部、安徽中部的气流轨迹5对应的ρ(PM_(2.5))最高,出现概率(21. 11%)和贡献比例(27. 81%)均较高;冬季南京大气中ρ(PM_(2.5))主要受北方大陆性输送气流影响,来自俄罗斯、蒙古国东部、河北北部、北京、天津、山东中部的长距离气流轨迹4对应的ρ(PM_(2.5))最高,达109. 8μg/m~3,其贡献比例为26. 86%。PSCF和CWT分析发现,安徽、山东、浙江与江苏交界和黄海海岸是影响南京市空气质量的主要潜在源区,此外,湖北、北京、天津以及渤海海岸也是南京大气PM_(2.5)的潜在源区。     

Correlated evolution of male and female testosterone profiles in birds and its consequences

Circulating levels of testosterone in adults have mainly evolved as a consequence of selection on males for increased levels, while levels of circulating testosterone in females may be an indirect consequence of selection on males. A review of the literature revealed that intense directional selection for high levels of circulating testosterone in birds is likely to be mainly due to direct selection on males. A comparative study of testosterone levels in birds revealed a strong positive relationship between peak testosterone levels in adult females and peak levels in males. The slope of this relationship was significantly less than unity, implying that the testosterone levels in females have been reduced in species with high levels in males. An analysis of the order of evolutionary events suggested that peak concentration of testosterone in females changed after peak concentrations of testosterone in males. Females in colonial species of birds had significantly higher circulating peak testosterone levels compared to females of solitary species, and relative levels after controlling for the effects of peak levels in males were also larger, suggesting that any costs of high testosterone levels in females are particularly likely in colonial birds. Direct selection on male circulating testosterone levels may increase the costs that females incur from high testosterone titers. For example, high female levels may negatively affect ovulation and laying and may also affect the levels of testosterone that females deposit in their eggs and hence the exposure of pre- and post-hatching offspring to testosterone. This in turn may affect not only offspring behavior, but also offspring development and the trade-offs between growth, development of immune function, and behavior in offspring.     

Evolutionary aspects of perfume collection in male euglossine bees (Hymenoptera) and of nest deception in bee-pollinated flowers

Summary A fascinating pollination system has been evolved between perfume producing flowers and perfume collecting male euglossine bees in the neotropics. Detailed investigations have contributed to an understanding of the interactions between euglossine males and flowers as a pollination system. The role which the collected perfume plays in the reproductive behaviour of euglossine bees is not fully understood. A favoured hypothesis suggests that the collected fragrances are used as precursors for male sex pheromones and thus serve to attract conspecific males or females. It is not known how perfume collection behaviour evolved. Here, an evolutionary approach presents a new hypothesis which suggests that the evolution of perfume collection in euglossine males is based upon pre-existing signals which were attractive to females and males. It is further suggested that, at the evolutionary outset, flowers mimicked nest sites to deceive nest-seeking euglossine bees. In addition, a comparative study was undertaken on the phenomena of nest-mimicking flowers in related bee families.     

一个新型水稻不育突变体91FS受精卵发育的时间和空间表达

水稻 91FS是一个稳定遗传的籼粳型不育突变体 ,大约 2 5 %的受精卵能正常发育成胚 ,约 75 %的受精卵核仁不融合 ,受精卵不再分裂 ,导致不育和不结实 ,育性六代稳定遗传 ,受精卵致死时空位点发生在精细胞进入卵细胞完成受精作用后。开花前后 ,91FS、籼粳杂种可育材料 91FM和以 91FS为父本的杂种F1代的花药、颖壳、叶片和子房的可溶性蛋白质SDS PAGE和IEF/SDS PAGE分析表明 ,91FS、91FM和F1代的蛋白质谱带多代保持稳定 ,3个材料间蛋白质谱带的异同 ,既表明了它们在遗传和发育上的某些共同功能和相互关系 ,又表明不同品种、器官和组织在遗传和发育上的某些特异性 ;91FS的子房在开花 1～ 2天 ,具有一条Mr=15 8.5× 10 3 的特有蛋白带 ,结合 91FS受精卵发育的细胞学和胚胎学时空定位 ,表明它们极有可能与 91FS稳定遗传的受精卵发育的时间和空间表达有关 .图 4表 1参 16     

河流水质全球变化研究若干问题

本文首先简要阐述自本世纪50年代以来全球河流水质研究与水质监测的基本情况,进而就河流水质全球变化研究中的几个难点问题进行讨论。这些问题是:1)河流水质的多样性及全球参比值问题,2)河流水质监测的发展及存在问题,3)与社会-经济发展有关的河流水质全球变化趋势分析。     

Sex pheromones and attractants in the Eucosmini and Grapholitini (Lepidoptera,Tortricidae)

Summary The geometric isomers (E,E)-, (E,Z)-, (Z,E)-, and (Z,Z)-8,10-dodecadien-1-yl acetate were identified as sex pheromone components or sex attractants in the tribes Eucosmini and Grapholitini of the tortricid subfamily Olethreutinae. Species belonging to the more ancestral Tortricinae were not attracted. Each one isomer was behaviourally active in males ofCydia andGrapholita (Grapholitini), either as main pheromone compound, attraction synergist or attraction inhibitor. Their reciprocal attractive/antagonistic activity in a number of species enables specific communication with these four compounds.Pammene, as well as otherGrapholita andCydia responded to the monoenic 8- or 10-dodecen-1-yl acetates. Of the tribes Olethreutini and Eucosmini,Hedya, Epiblema, Eucosma, andNotocelia trimaculana were also attracted to 8,10-dodecadien-1-yl acetates, but several otherNotocelia to 10,12-tetradecadien-1-yl acetates. The female sex pheromones ofC. fagiglandana, C. pyrivora, C. splendana, Epiblema foenella andNotocelia roborana were identified. (E,E)- and (E,Z)-8,10-dodecadien-1-yl acetate are producedvia a commonE9 desaturation pathway inC. splendana. CallingC. nigricana andC. fagiglandana females are attracted to wingfanning males.     

星星峡地区构造地球化学特征的初步研究

对位于板块构造边缘的星星峡地区的基本构造单元进行了构造地球化学分带，研究了该地区不同类型岩浆岩微量元素的演化规律和所展构遣对元素空间分布的控制，发现矿床规模与断裂构造复合组数具有正相关关系。     

霍林河中游径流量序列的多时间尺度特征及其效应分析

霍林河是松嫩平原西部地区科尔沁、向海和查干湖湿地的重要补给水源。通过对其中游白云胡硕水文测站46a的年径流量序列的多时间尺度分析,探讨霍林河径流演变的近似周期性,识别霍林河径流变化对其下游洪泛湿地水源补给的规律,以及这种规律控制下的洪泛湿地环境演变。小波分析表明,霍林河白云胡硕水文站年径流序列主要存在3个尺度的周期变化,不同时间尺度下周期信号的强弱在时频域中的分布具有较强的局部特征,以大于30a尺度的年代际周期变化起主导作用,该尺度下,霍林河径流演变呈现出丰、枯、丰的交替振荡,下游洪泛湿地景观演变相应表现出阶段性特征,1990年代以前尤为突出。能量相对较弱的中、小时间尺度径流量周期性变化,与强烈的人类干扰活动相比,对下游洪泛湿地环境演变的作用效果不明显,突出表现在1990年代以后。     

乡村振兴视角下耕地利用转型的时空格局及路径分析——以淮海经济区为例

深刻解读耕地利用转型内涵,基于乡村振兴与耕地利用转型的系统逻辑构建相关评价指标体系,运用探索性空间数据分析（ESDA）和标准差椭圆（SDE）等方法,对2002年、2007年、2012年和2017年淮海经济区耕地利用转型效度进行评测,据此揭示乡村振兴战略背景下耕地利用转型的时空格局及转型路径。结果表明：（1）15年间淮海经济区耕地利用转型呈现整体上升、区域均衡的时空格局。（2）耕地利用转型空间集聚现象明显,南北差异显著。空间转型集聚程度逐渐减弱,功能转型呈现先降低后升高、再降低又趋于平缓的态势。（3）耕地利用转型呈现东北—西南格局,以徐州市为区域重心,在南北方向上持续收缩、东西方向上不断平移,导致转型空间形态呈C状分布;系统要素的交流耦合渐进增长且上升通道具有收缩趋势,最终形成“分散—聚拢—分散—聚拢”重叠形态的转型路径。建议研究区未来发展重点聚焦转型发展内源动力的协调融合,引导耕地利用转型由“C形”扩散转向“O形”收敛的圈层式包容增长格局,并不断提升耕地多功能融合增益的共享程度,将地理系统的均衡机制转化为乡村振兴的现实效能。     

闽三角地区碳排放时空差异及影响因素研究

以闽三角地区为研究对象,以2005~2017年为研究期,构建城市尺度的碳排放清单,应用对数平均迪氏指数分解方法从时间维度的纵向比较和典型年份城市横向比较两个维度开展了驱动因素的分解分析及评价,探讨了闽三角碳排放变化影响因素的时空差异.结果显示：研究期内闽三角CO₂排放增长较快,从2005年的74.08Mt增加到2017年169.48Mt,增幅为128.75%.其中,泉州贡献最大,占比为67.93%.碳排放变化趋势分析来看,产业结构和经济增长为导致闽三角地区碳排放量增长的主要因素,累计贡献度分别为30.38%和12.21%,能源结构为抑制碳排放的重要影响因素,累计贡献度为-45.76%.时空差异上看,能源结构效应在研究期内均表现为抑制效应,最大贡献率为52.95%;而产业结构效应均表现为促进效应,最大贡献率为33.85%.在研究期内,漳州市碳减排力度最大,最大净减排148.27Mt.而泉州市经济增长和产业结构效应贡献率较大,未来仍具有较大的减排空间.厦门市经济增长和产业结构效应贡献率均低于参考值,且在研究期内变动幅度较小,碳减排压力较低.研究结果深化了闽三角地区碳排放的时空格局及影响因素的科学认识,为闽三角地区及相似城市群的减排治理提供了有益借鉴.