低渗煤层高压水射流割缝强化瓦斯抽采技术研究

为了解决低渗高突煤层瓦斯治理工程量大、效率低难题,提出在煤层中利用高压水射流切割缝槽依靠煤岩自身重力自动卸压强化瓦斯抽采技术。为了确定超高压水射流割缝工艺参数,采用FLAC3D数值模拟方法分析了不同缝槽间距、宽度条件下缝槽周围煤体塑性破坏特征和应力演化规律,得出高压水射流割缝合理缝槽间距为3 m,合理缝槽宽度为100 mm,现场实践表明:高压水射流割缝增大了煤层暴露面积、煤体扰动体积,高负压抽采支管瓦斯流量和浓度显著提升,瓦斯抽采纯量在0.7~1.1 m3/min范围内波动,瓦斯浓度在50%以上,对该矿其他工作面瓦斯治理具有一定借鉴意义。     

大气降水中离子化学特征及来源分析

通过研究2006-2010年上海市闸北区大气降水中离子的组成特征和变化,分析了离子可能的来源和酸雨的成因。结果表明,近年来酸雨污染有所改善,酸雨成因也有所改变。阴阳离子当量浓度之比小于1,可能缺少对某些低分子弱有机酸离子的监测。降水化学组份中浓度最高的四种离子分别是SO42-、NH4+、Ca2+和NO3-,SO42-浓度是NO3-的3.14倍,NH4+是Ca2+的2.76倍,降水的主要致酸物质是硫酸盐,主要中和物质是铵盐。大多数离子间有较好的相关性,NO3-和SO42-绝大部分来自人为源的贡献。降水中SO42-的致酸作用和Ca2+的中和作用逐渐下降,Cl-的致酸作用在逐渐增大。     

长春市1998-2008年玉米虚拟水量动态变化研究

长春市玉米种植面积约占全市粮食种植面积的60%。通过对长春市1998-2008年玉米虚拟水量的计算与分析,探讨其时空分异规律,为长春市玉米生产的可持续发展提供科学依据。11年来长春市玉米虚拟水量呈现不断波动趋势,分别在1999年、2004年和2007年出现高峰值,2003年呈现最低值。对比分析1998年、2004年和2008年五县市区玉米虚拟水量的空间分布,1998年五县市区虚拟水量只分为四个等级,没有达到第五等级;2004年农安县达到第五等级,位居首位,榆树市虚拟水量仍然为第三等级,排名第2,德惠市和九台市均由第一等级上升为第二等级,排名第三,市区位于第一等级,排名最末。到2008年,榆树市由第三等级上升到第四等级,九台市由第二等级下降到第一等级,其他各县市区虚拟水量等级没有变化。     

The influence of metam sodium on soil respiration

Abstract

A laboratory experiment was performed in order to evaluate the extent to which metam sodium (MS) applied at two different recommended rates and its degradation product, methyl isothiocyanate ( MITC ), affect soil respiration. Results suggest that MS degradation to MITC was complete within 4 hours and that MITC decomposed quickly in a few days, except in the soil containing high organic matter where it was still present after 15 days. Following the addition of MS, a lag phase appeared in CO₂‐C evolution in the soil. It was longer for the higher dose of MS added and for the two soils with low organic C content. The dynamics of the process was described by the Bonde and Rosswall model and by the Gompertz RS E model for the untreated and the MS‐treated soils, respectively.     

黄河流域绿色创新效率空间格局演化及其影响因素

绿色创新作为培育经济增长新动能,是促进黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展的重要动力。采用网络DEA模型测度2003—2018年黄河流域79市（州、盟）绿色创新效率,进而运用核密度估计、重心—标准差椭圆分析效率的空间演化规律,采用空间计量模型探究其影响因素。结果表明：（1）黄河流域绿色创新效率水平较低,但表现为波动上升的时间趋势;（2）绿色创新效率具有显著的空间非均衡性,呈现出“下游>上游>中游”的空间分异格局,效率重心整体向东南方向移动,表现出南北方向相对稳定、东西方向集聚发展的趋势;（3）黄河流域绿色创新效率存在正向的空间溢出效应,人均收入、产业结构、师资力量、外资利用和环境规制是影响绿色创新效率的重要因素。     

One-pot molten salt method for constructing CdS/C3N4 nanojunctions with highly enhanced photocatalytic performance for hydrogen evolution reaction

The construction of heterojunction photocatalysts for efficiently utilizing solar energy has attracted considerable attention to solve the energy crisis and reduce environmental pollution. In this study, we use the energy released from an easily-occurred exothermic chemical reaction to serve as the drive force to trigger the formation of Cd S and C₃N₄ nanocomposites which are successfully fabricated with cadmium nitrate and thiourea without addition of any solvents and prot...     

服役态Super304H耐热钢管显微组织演变及高温力学性能研究

目的 探究服役Super304H钢管外壁粗晶组织演变及其对高温力学性能的影响,为超超临界机组运行管理与安全评估提供技术支持。方法 针对不同服役时间的Super304H耐热钢管,开展显微组织演变及650 ℃高温拉伸力学性能研究,着重探讨钢管外壁奥氏体晶粒异常长大、第二相析出长大及其对钢管高温力学性能的影响规律。结果 服役态Super304H钢管中的第二相以富铜相、MX相及M23C6相为主,其外壁奥氏体晶粒异常长大,形成粗晶区,而靠近内壁钢管中的奥氏体晶粒长大不明显,为细晶区。相对于细晶区,粗晶区奥氏体晶界及晶内析出更多的第二相,尺寸更大,弥散度降低,导致粗晶区高温拉伸性能显著降低。结论 长期高温运行的Super304H耐热钢管应加强监督,消除因外壁奥氏体晶粒异常长大而带来的胀管等安全隐患。     

可持续发展与地球表层的进化

包括非生物、生物和人的地球表层巨系统,是人的生存环境,它是进化发展的。人类社会只有认识并遵守地球表层的进化规律,才能达到可持续发展的目标。     

Phylogenetic Comparative Methods Strengthen Evidence for Reduced Genetic Diversity among Endangered Tetrapods

Abstract: The fitness of species with little genetic diversity is expected to be affected by inbreeding and an inability to respond to environmental change. Conservation theory suggests that endangered species will generally demonstrate lower genetic diversity than taxa that are not threatened. This hypothesis has been challenged because the time frame of anthropogenic extinction may be too fast to expect genetic factors to significantly contribute. I conducted a meta‐analysis to examine how genetic diversity in 894 tetrapods correlates with extinction threat level. Because species are not evolutionarily independent, I used a phylogenetic regression framework to address this issue. Mean genetic diversity of tetrapods, as assessed by protein heterozygosity, was 29.7–31.5% lower on average in threatened species than in their nonthreatened relatives, a highly significant reduction. Within amphibians as diversity decreased extinction risk increased in phylogenetic models, but not in nonphylogenetic regressions. The effects of threatened status on diversity also remained significant after accounting for body size in mammals. These results support the hypothesis that genetic effects on population fitness are important in the extinction process.