Multivariate analysis of surface water quality in the Three Gorges area of China and implications for water management

Multivariate statistical techniques, cluster analysis, non-parametric tests, and factor analysis were applied to analyze a water quality dataset including 13 parameters at 37 sites of the Three Gorges area, China, from 2003–2008 to investigate spatio-temporal variations and identify potential pollution sources. Using cluster analysis, the twelve months of the year were classified into three periods of lowflow (LF), normal-flow (NF), and high-flow (HF); and the 37 monitoring sites were divided into low pollution (LP), moderate pollution (MP), and high pollution (HP). Dissolved oxygen (DO), potassium permanganate index (CODMn), and ammonia-nitrogen (NH4 +-N) were identified as significant variables affecting temporal and spatial variations by non-parametric tests. Factor analysis identified that the major pollutants in the HP region were organic matters and nutrients during NF, heavy metals during LF, and petroleum during HF. In the MP region, the identified pollutants primarily included organic matter and heavy metals year-around, while in the LP region, organic pollution was significant during both NF and HF, and nutrient and heavy metal levels were high during both LF and HF. The main sources of pollution came from domestic wastewater and agricultural activities and runoff; however, they contributed differently to each region in regards to pollution levels. For the HP region, inputs from wastewater treatment plants were significant; but for MP and LP regions, water pollution was more likely from the combined effects of agriculture, domestic wastewater, and chemical industry. These results provide fundamental information for developing better water pollution control strategies for the Three Gorges area.     

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Abstract

The characteristics of fine particulate pollution (PM₁₀ and PM_2.5) were measured at urban and suburban sites in Jinan during the 2008–2009 heating and non-heating seasons. The results showed that PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 pollution was quite serious, and PM mass concentration was higher during the heating season than the non-heating season. PM was the highest in the chemical factory and lowest in the development zone. The mass concentrations of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 were linearly related, and the mass concentration ratio of PM_2.5/PM₁₀ was up to 0.59 in urban areas. PM pollution in Jinan was related to local meteorological factors: PM_2.5 mass concentration and humidity were positively correlated, and PM_2.5 mass concentration was negatively correlated with both click on the temperature and wind speed, although wind speed varied more.     

Variations in the elemental compositions of plants,and computer‐aided sampling in ecosystems∗

To obtain comparable results of multi‐element analysis of plant materials by different laboratories, a harmonized sampling procedure for terrestrial and marine ecosystems is essential. The heterogeneous distribution of chemical elements in living organisms is influenced by different biological parameters. These parameters are mainly characterized by genetic predetermination, seasonal changes, edaphic and climatic conditions, and delocalization processes of chemical substances by metabolic activities.

The biological variations of the element content in plants were divided into 5 systematic levels, which are: 1. the plant species; 2. the population; 3. the stand (within an ecosystem); 4. the individual; and 5. the plant compartment. Each of these systematic levels can be related to: 1. genetic variabilities; 2. different climatic, edaphic and anthropogenic influences; 3. microclimatic or microedaphic conditions; 4. age of plants (stage of development), exposure to environmental influences (light, wind, pollution etc.), seasonal changes; and 5. transport and deposition of substances within the different plant compartments (organs, tissues, cells, organelles).

An expert system for random and systematic sampling for multi‐element analysis of environmental materials, such as plants, soils and precipitation is presented. After statistical division of the research area, the program provides advice for contamination‐free collection of environmental samples.     

Trend,seasonal variation and sources of suspended particulated matter (SPM) in Spain

In this study we analyze the temporal evolution of the suspended particulated matter (SPM) in the air of the six Spanish remote stations belonging to the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme network. A negative trend is observed in three of them and a positive trend in one. Another objective of this work was to know the geographical sources of SPM in Spain. To do this we used the conditional probability functions (cf. Ashbaugh et al. (1985), Atmos. Environ., 19, 1263–1270) and information about air masses trajectories. The North of Africa and regions inside Spain are the main sources while Continental Europe and the British Islands are less important.     

春、冬季长江口颗粒有机碳的时空分布及输运特征

根据2012年2月(冬季)、5月(春季)对长江口2个航次的调查数据,分析了春、冬季长江口颗粒有机碳(POC)的时空分布及影响因素,并探讨其输运特征.结果表明:2012年春季长江口POC的浓度为0.23~31.61mg/L,均值为2.55mg/L;冬季POC的浓度为0.16~5.82mg/L,均值1.42mg/L.春、冬季POC空间分布整体呈现近岸高远岸低、表层低底层高的特征,最高值均出现在口门附近.POC与悬浮物(TSM)呈极显著线性正相关,而与叶绿素a(Chl a)的相关性均较差,表明陆源输入对长江口POC的分布影响很大;POC/Chl a比值测算表明有机碎屑是调查水域POC的主要来源和存在形式,定量估算结果表明浮游植物生物量对春、冬季长江口POC的贡献分别仅1.26%和0.9%,且浮游植物对POC的贡献分别在TSM小于110mg/L和100mg/L时才能表现出来.春、冬季长江口TSM分别在大于117mg/L和335mg/L时,有机碳入海以颗粒态为主,反之则以溶解态为主.长江输送至河口的悬浮物中POC的百分含量(POC%)在春、冬季分别为0.9%和0.4%.春、冬季长江口最大浑浊带对POC的过滤效率分别达89%和69%,大量POC随泥沙在最大浑浊带发生了沉降.     

Spatiotemporal multimedia emission inventory for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons near petroleum production plants in China based on a 10′ × 10′ grid

A spatiotemporal model was developed to investigate emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Daqing, a Chinese city with large petroleum industry plants. The model was based on land-use types determined on a 10′?×?10′ grid. A geographic information system and regression analyses were used to characterise spatial and temporal variations in PAH emissions into multiple environmental media. The simulated results were validated using previously published experimental data, and the model was found to function well. PAH emissions to the atmosphere, soil, and surface water between 1998 and 2013 were estimated. The results indicated that PAH emissions to the atmosphere increased but PAH emissions to the soil and surface water decreased over the study period. PAH emissions to the atmosphere were markedly higher in winter than in summer. PAH emissions were concentrated in urban areas and areas near petroleum production plants, indicating that PAH emissions were closely related to industrial activities. The results will support research into the migration and transformation of PAHs and human health and ecological risk assessments. The results may also be useful for developing policies for controlling PAH pollution and managing risks associated with PAHs.     

我国地表水溶解氧时空变化及其对全球变暖的响应

溶解氧是衡量地表水环境质量的重要指标.为科学实施水污染防治和水生态系统修复,系统解析了我国近十五年不同区域溶解氧的时空变化特征,探讨了全球变暖对不同区域饱和溶解氧的影响.结果表明：①受海拔和温度影响,全国饱和溶解氧浓度存在显著的区域差异性,根据饱和溶解氧浓度将全国划分为3个区域,分别为北部高饱和溶解氧区、南部低饱和溶解氧区及中部饱和溶解氧过渡区;②2018年全国溶解氧浓度和饱和度达到I类水质的比例分别为72%和20.5%,冬季冰封期阻碍大气复氧的区域,不宜采用溶解氧饱和度对溶解氧进行评价;Mann-Kendall法分析表明,全国河流溶解氧浓度2010年下半年开始显著提高,人口密集、经济发达、工业化及水体盐度高和流速低是引起珠江及辽河入海口、长江下游溶解氧偏低的主要原因;③气候变化背景下,温度敏感的低温低海拔地区饱和溶解氧浓度下降最明显;到21世纪末,SSP5-8.5和SSP1-1.9情境下饱和溶解氧浓度将分别下降1.3 mg·L^-1和0.01 mg·L^-1,为适应全球变暖,需要加大污染物减排力度,保障水生态安全.     

山西云凝结核时空分布特征观测

选取2011年1~12月山西太原云凝结核(CCN)观测数据,对CCN的季节、月、日变化特征进行了分析,并与国内外同类研究进行了对比.结果发现,冬季CCN数浓度最高,春秋季次之,夏季CCN数浓度最低.CCN数浓度的最高值出现在1月,最低值出现在6月.夏季较多的降水天气对CCN的湿清除作用明显,冬季供暖期间(11~12月及1~3月),CCN数浓度明显增大.CCN数浓度日变化一般呈现两个峰值,分别出现在07:00~11:00和17:00~20:00.利用公式N=CSk拟合了不同季节地面CCN核谱,得到春夏秋冬四季对应的拟合参数C值分别为10983、2454、7614、16421,k值均小于1,为典型的大陆型核谱.通过2013年夏季在山西中部地区开展的CCN飞机观测,研究了CCN数浓度的垂直廓线.CCN数浓度在近地面最大,随高度逐渐降低.在0.3%和0.4%过饱和度下,2000m以下CCN数浓度平均量级均为103cm-3, 3000m以上CCN数浓度平均量级降低至102cm-3.     

湖南省臭氧污染基本特征分析及长期趋势变化主控因素识别

近些年来湖南省臭氧(O3)污染程度呈现持续恶化态势,针对该区域O3污染相关研究较为缺乏的现状,基于观测数据对2015～2020年期间湖南省14个地级市O3污染浓度的时空演化特征进行了分析,并利用广义相加模型(GAM)对O3污染长期趋势变化的主控因素进行了识别(气象校正).结果表明,时间上,湖南省区域O3具有明显的日际、...     

基于SPEI的西南农业区气象干旱时空演变特征

干旱已成为西南农业区的具有一定破坏力的自然灾害,研究干旱的时空变化对该区干旱的评估、预测具有重要的现实意义。根据西南农业区1962~2012年月气象资料,利用Penman-Monteith公式计算蒸散发和标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI)值;采用线性回归、Mann-Kendall方法、小波分析和旋转经验正交函数(REOF)等方法分析了西南农业区干旱时空变化。研究结果表明:(1)西南农业区整体呈干旱化趋势;2000年以来年、四季变干趋势更加明显;秋季变干趋势显著;年均SPEI指数不存在显著突变点;年和四季干湿变化均存在2~8 a左右的振荡周期。(2)根据REOF分解的前6个空间模态,将西南农业区划分成6个干湿特征区域:云南高原东部区、汉中盆地区、东部山地区、云南高原西部区、四川盆地区、贵州高原区;其中云南高原东部区变干趋势显著,汉中盆地区和东部山地区有变湿润趋势,但并不明显;6个分区干湿变化普遍存在2~6 a左右的振荡周期。研究结果可为西南农业区防旱、抗旱提供科学参考。