蠡湖水体悬浮物的时空变化及其影响因素

根据2012~2013年的现场调查资料和历史监测资料,分析了浅水湖泊蠡湖总悬浮物(TSS)的时空分布特征、组成、变化规律,并探讨了水体悬浮物的影响因素及其与氮、磷的关系.结果表明, ρ(TSS)的年内变化范围在1.00~78.00mg/L之间,平均值为17.35mg/L,空间上呈现东蠡湖大于西蠡湖,沿岸高于湖心区的分布趋势;季节变化表现为秋季>夏季>春季>冬季,且冬季显著低于其他季节;全湖水体中ρ(OSS)和ρ(ISS)所占ρ(TSS)的比例相当,分别为51.52%和48.48%,但组成比例空间差异较大,东蠡湖ρ(OSS)比例较大,而西蠡湖ρ(ISS)的比例较大.线性拟合表明, ρ(TSS)与ρ(PN)、ρ(TN)、ρ(PP)、ρ(TP)均具呈显著正相关(P<0.01).浮游藻类增殖、水生植物的残体以及底泥的再悬浮是影响水体ρ(TSS)的主要因素.     

广州城区夏季大气颗粒物数浓度谱分布特征

于2013年6月2日—7月15日,利用扫描迁移性粒谱仪(SMPS)对广州城区大气17～800 nm的粒子谱进行了连续观测,同时结合在线小时ρ(PM_2.5)及气象数据,对颗粒物污染特征进行了分析. 结果表明:观测期间,凝结核模态粒子、爱根核模态粒子、积聚模态粒子的数浓度范围分别为68～7 687、1 009～47 724、238～14 781 cm-3.平均数浓度谱及体积谱均呈单峰分布,峰值分别出现在50和300 nm左右. 根据双模态对数正态分布模型对平均数浓度谱拟合的结果可知,爱根核模态粒子和积聚核模态粒子的几何平均粒径分别为48和144 nm. 颗粒物数浓度及其谱分布日变化特征明显,在交通高峰及太阳辐射较强的时间段均出现峰值. 在观测阶段,粒子增长现象频繁发生,推测大气光化学反应引起的气-粒转化是广州城区夏季大气颗粒物的重要来源. 7月12—13日广州城区发生了一次典型的大气污染过程,ρ(PM_2.5)由18 μg/m3增至112 μg/m3,能见度降至8 km. 在该时间段,积聚模态粒子体积分数与ρ(PM_2.5)变化一致,R2(相关系数)达到了0.85. 后向轨迹分析表明,污染气团主要来自于西南方向,在陆地停留时间较长.      

汉江中下游水质时空变异与驱动因素识别

汉江是南水北调中线工程主要水源区和影响区,近年来汉江中下游水生态环境质量退化严重,河流水华频繁暴发,科学识别水环境质量时空变异及主要驱动因素成为优化上游调水工程重要管理需求.本研究基于近年汉江水文水质多源数据,综合利用Daniel趋势检验、MK突变分析、K-means聚类、空间相异度和冗余分析等数学方法,系统揭示了汉江中下游水质时空变异特征及关键影响因素.结果表明：①近年汉江干流水质总体较好,总体处于Ⅱ类,中下游部分断面水质为Ⅲ类;多项水质指标多年来总体较好,但总磷和总氮负荷较高,近年10个断面总磷和总氮平均浓度分别处于0.028~0.263mg·L^-1和0.630~1.852mg·L^-1水平;②时间变化上,Daniel和MK突变结果发现2004~2018年宗关站总磷和总氮年变化趋势不显著,其它多项水质指标也无明显年变化趋势;枯水期主要水质指标总氮、氨氮和五日生化需氧量总体大于丰水期,化学需氧量不同点位呈现出不同的丰枯变化规律,总磷丰水期浓度下降不明显;③空间分布上,K-means聚类和空间相异度结果发现不同断面水质指标变化趋势差异较大,10个水质监测断面总体上可以聚类为3类,上游水质指标最好,中游次之,下游较差;值得注意的是,下游小河等断面多项水质指标均趋于改善,可能与近年来实施的控源减排和清澈养殖等保护行动和措施有关;④在总体较高的氮磷负荷条件下,流量和水温是影响汉江中下游3个分区河流水质指标的重要因素,其中流量在上、下游对水质贡献率较大,水温则在中游贡献率最大.     

沙颍河流域(河南段)非点源氨氮污染模拟与时空特征分析

沙颍河流域是我国淮河流域污染最严重的区域之一.为揭示流域非点源的时空分布特征并评估其对水污染的贡献,以沙颍河流域（河南段）为研究区,采用流域水循环系统模型（HEQM模型）模拟了重点断面2012-2015年月径流和氨氮浓度过程,辨识了污染源类型及其贡献,揭示了非点源负荷的年内和年际变化.结果表明:①径流和氨氮浓度的模拟效果较好,HEQM模型在沙颍河流域（河南段）具有较好的适用性.②非点源氨氮污染负荷占多年平均总负荷量的37.40%,在污染时期占比为29.32%.沙河和颍河上游污染时期的非点源负荷比例较高,分别为91.49%和90.45%.③非点源氨氮负荷对丰水期（6-9月）和平水期（3-5月、10-11月）污染的贡献较大,占总负荷的48.83%和51.92%;从年际变化来看,2012-2015年各年份的空间分布特征基本相似,但2014-2015年单位面积非点源污染负荷较2012-2013年明显下降.研究显示,沙颍河流域（河南段）非点源对氨氮污染的贡献已不可忽视,丰水期和平水期是非点源污染治理的关键时期.      

STREAM NITRATE-N LOADS IN RELATION TO VARIATIONS IN ANNUAL AND SEASONAL RUNOFF REGIMES1

ABSTRACT: The calculation of stream nutrient loads from a sampling period of one year or, at most, a few years may provide an inaccurate estimate of average seasonal or annual loads due to considerable year-to-year variations in hydrological regime. The number of years of record required to give a reliable estimate of long-term average NO₃-N loads was analyzed for E. Duffin Creek and the Nottawasaga River in Ontario, Canada. Nitrate load rating relationships were used in combination with a continuous stream discharge record for 22 years (E. Duffin Creek) and 34 years (Nottawasaga River) to simulate long-term seasonal and annual variation in NO₃.N loads. The errors involved in calculating average loads were examined by comparing the loads derived from sampling periods of one or more consecutive years duration with the estimated long-term average load for the two rivers. Annual NO₃-N loads for a single year deviated from the long-term average load by ± 20 to 53 percent in 8 out of 22 years in E. Duffin Creek and in 13 of 34 years in the Nottawasaga River. Six consecutive years of record would be required for both rivers to ensure that an error of > ± 20 percent would occur in only 5 percent of these observation periods. February-April NO₃-N loads for a single year could deviate by up to +90 percent or -61 percent from the long-term average spring period load for the two rivers. A sampling period of at least 6–7 years would be needed to estimate average NO₃-N loads for the spring runoff season with an error <± 20 percent.     

Genotypic variations in the accumulation of Cd exhibited by di erent vegetables

It is an important approach to use the Cd-contaminated soils properly by growing low accumulator or excluder plants for Cd to produce safe foods. To find the suitable vegetable species for growing in Cd-contaminated soils, in the present study the variations in the Cd accumulation for twenty eight vegetable species and several cultivars of five common vegetables (cowpea, kidney pea, bitter gourd, cucumber and squash) were investigated in two soil Cd levels (1 and 2 mg/kg Cd). Experimental results showed that highly significant di erences in Cd concentration were evident among 28 vegetables. For example, spinach Cd concentrations were 110-fold and 175-fold higher than that of sweet pea under the 1 and 2 mg/kg Cd exposures, respectively. For Cd accumulation, the order of vegetable species was: leafy vegetables > solanaceous vegetables > kale vegetables > root vegetables > allimus > melon vegetables > legumes. Distinctive di erences were also identified when comparing di erent cultivars of the five common vegetables with an average range of 0.003–0.094 mg/kg Cd. Our results indicated that a large genotypic variation existed among vegetable species or cultivars when subjected to Cd exposure. Therefore, it is important and feasible to elect/breed vegetable species/cultivars with low accumulation of Cd, especially in mildly Cd-contaminated soils.     

近30年秦岭山地商洛段林地类型时空变化及其驱动力

在遥感和地理信息系统(GIS)技术的支持下,以商洛地区1978年多波段扫描仪(MSS)和1990、2000、2006年专题制图仪(TM)四期遥感影像为基础,利用ERDAS软件的监督分类与GIS的空间分析功能,提取了商洛地区各类型林地的动态变化信息,研究分析了近30年来商洛地区各种类型林地的时空变化特征.结果表明:林地的总面积由12584.55km2增加到14479.44km2;针叶林、灌丛面积增加,而针阔混交林、阔叶林的面积减少,低海拔地区较高海拔地区变化剧烈.林地破碎化程度严重,且内部结构发生了根本性的变化,大多数阔叶林被灌丛取代.区域社会经济财力、农民收入及适耕地的多少是林地类型变化的主要驱动力.     

近30年秦岭东西两县区森林景观类型的时空变化

在3S技术的支持下,分别以秦岭东部商南县和西部略阳县的1978年多波段扫描仪(MSS)、1990年专题制图仪(TM)、2001年增强型专题绘图仪(ETM)和2006年专题制图仪(TM)影像图为基础,提取并分析了秦岭东西两县森林景观类型的时空变化.结果表明,从景观类型看,商南县以阔叶林和灌丛为主,分别占57.63%、18.51%,略阳县以阔叶林、针叶林和灌丛为主,分别占39.74%、17.69%和17.20%,近30年两县各类森林景观的变化趋势和幅度存在明显差异,商南县的变化幅度大于略阳县.从景观结构看,商南县各景观类型的分离度、破碎度指数的变化大于略阳县,即近30年来商南县各森林景观人为干扰的程度大于略阳县,人口、工业化程度、农业发展情况以及政府政策是引起两县森林景观类型差异性的主要原因.     

基于15N 同位素示踪技术的地下河硝态氮来源时空变化特征分析

根据2007年10月至2008年10月每月对青木关地下河水的监测,利用~(15)N 同位素示踪技术并结合水化学指标,分析地下河硝态氮来源的时空变化特征.结果表明,地下河出口S2硝态氮浓度(20.35 mg/L)比入口D1(3.20 mg/L)高6倍多.受农业生产施肥和降雨冲刷稀释效应的影响,地下河水硝态氮浓度2007年10月至2008年3月较低且比较稳定,2008年4月至7月较高但受降雨冲刷稀释影响变化较大,2008年8月至9月随降雨减少,土壤中残留的化肥造成地下河水硝态氮浓度偏高.根据NO_3~--δ~(15)N 值识别出了地下河硝态氮来源变化特征为:D1处2007年10月至2008年3月以及2008年7月至10月NO_3~--δ~(15)N 值为-0.857‰±2.01‰(n=9),其硝态氮来源为稻田中残留的化肥;2008年4月、6月中下旬NO_3~--δ~(15)N 值为2.50‰±0.29‰(n=3),其来源为稻田中施用的化肥与土壤有机氮的混合;2008年5月下旬至6月上旬NO_3~--δ~(15)N 值分别为-3.74‰和0.52‰,其来源为稻田中施用的化肥.S2处硝态氮不仅来自上游的化肥,更主要的是来自中下游的耕地、林地土壤渗透水或侧向裂隙水带来的土壤有机氮与化肥,其中2007年10月至2008年3月以及2008年7月至10月NO_3~--δ~(15)N 值为4.77‰±0.73‰(n=9),其硝态氮主要来自于土壤有机氮;2008年4～6月NO_3~--δ～15N 值为3.16‰±0.39‰(n=5),其硝态氮来自于土壤有机氮与化肥的混合.     

Spatial and temporal variation of nitrogen exported by runo from sandy agricultural soils

The eutrophication problem has drawn attention to nutrient leaching from agricultural soils, and an understanding of spatial and temporal variability is needed to develop decision-making tools. Thus, eleven sites were selected to monitor, over a two-year period, spatial and temporal variation of runoff discharge and various forms of N in surface runoff in sandy agricultural soils. Factors influencing the variation of runoff discharge and various forms of N in surface runoff were analyzed. Variation of annual rainfall was small among 11 sites, especially between 2001 and 2002. However, variation of annual discharge was significant among the sites. The results suggest that rainfall patterns and land use had significant effect on discharge. The concentrations of total N, total kjeldahl N （TKN）, organic matter-associated N （OM-N）, NO3- -N, and NHn＋-N in the runoff ranged widely from 0.25 to 54.1, 0.15 to 20.3, 0.00 to 14.6, 0.00 to 45.3, and 0.00 to 19.7 mg/L, respectively. Spatial and temporal variations in the N concentration and runoff discharge were noted among the different sites. Annual loads of N in the runoff varied widely among monitoring sites and depend mainly on runoff discharge. High loads of total N, OM-N, NO3--N, and NHn＋-N in the runoff either in citrus groves or on vegetable farms occurred from June to October for each year, which coincided with the rainy season in the region. This study found that N in surface runoff was related to rainfall intensity, soil N level, and fertilizer use.