雅鲁藏布江径流变化的影响因素分析研究

雅鲁藏布江流域作为西藏最重要的经济区,对全球气候变化极其敏感和脆弱.文章选择雅鲁藏布江流域作为研究区,通过对气候因素、径流变化的时空规律的分析,探讨了降水、气温等气候因子对径流的影响.得出:流域1960年-2009年年平均气温具有显著的上升趋势,升温趋势随海拔升高而增大的特点,流域1960年-2009年流域年降水呈上升的趋势,但趋势不显著,流域降水变化呈现复杂性.气温、降水的变化是影响雅鲁藏布江天然径流变化最直接的影响因素.     

An empirical study of spatial-temporal growth patterns of a voluntary residential green infrastructure program

Voluntary residential green infrastructure (GI) stormwater management retrofit programs can help cities comply with environmental regulations while also improving quality of life. Previous research has identified influential factors in residents’ willingness to adopt GI, but few have simultaneously studied the spatial and temporal dynamics of GI. I use a six-year record of participation in a voluntary residential GI program in Washington DC to explore how neighborhood characteristics and social influence affect GI adoption over time. Statistical regression and Monte Carlo permutation resampling techniques are used to explain the spatial-temporal patterns of growth of the program. I demonstrate empirical evidence that participation location is increasingly determined by the locations of previous participants. These findings suggest that past participants will increasingly influence spatial clustering of GI in the city.     

近30年青海三江源西部干旱区草地退化特征的遥感分析

使用自20世纪70年代末~2004年的3期遥感图像(70sMSS、90sTM和2004年TM/ETM),研究了近30年青海三江源西部干旱区草地退化的格局与过程,结果表明:整个研究时段内,草地退化发生面积占总草地面积的10%左右,且以草地覆盖度轻度下降为主,其退化面积占总草地退化面积的80%以上,其次是轻度沙化/盐化,相应比重占10%以上。草地退化面积呈东南向西北减少趋势,退化程度呈东南向西北降低格局,而退化类型也由复合型向单一型过渡。整个时段内,草地退化面积呈增加趋势,尤其是沙化面积增加较快。不同海拔、坡度和坡向间草地退化面积差异显著。海拔4 800~5 100m范围内为草地退化发生的主要分布区,4 500~4 800m和5 100m以上草地退化基本相当。退化率较高的坡度级别介于2~8°之间,类似于草地面积随坡度变化的基本趋势。不同坡向呈阴坡、半阴半阳坡高于阳坡的态势。脆弱的基底、极端气候年际间周期波动等限制性因子控制着草地退化的基本格局,人为扰动则决定草地退化的强度和速度。总体看来,研究区地带性自然条件决定的荒漠化草地已占据主导地位,人类活动相对较弱,草地退化程度增加趋势不明显,新的草地退化现象不十分突出。     

Hydrogen, carbon and sulphur isotope ratios in peat: the role of diagenessis and water regimes in reconstruction of past climates

We demonstrate that carbon, hydrogen and sulphur isotope ratios both, in the total peat (¹³C_tp=–25.52 to –28.27, D_tp=–78.67 and –109.24, ³⁴S=4.35 to 19.87), and in cellulose from the peat (¹³C_nc=–25.06 to –27.33 and D_nc=–92.43 to –118.02) are not affected by postdepositional changes. Therefore, the original isotope composition of plants are in general preserved in the peat and represent an archive of the past environmental variations. These can be supported by (i) good correlations between ¹³C_tp and ¹³C_nc, and between D_tp and D_nc, (ii) high horizontal homogeneity of ¹³C_tp and ¹³C_nc in the scale of one peat-bog – the same major factor(s) control(s) C isotopic ratios, (iii) no correlation between organic sulphur concentrations and ³⁴S value –³⁴S results from variations in the water level.This revised version was published online January 2005 with corrections to the title.     

Nitrogen dynamics in the sediments of a wetland coastal ecosystem of southern India

The study area, Kuttanad Waters is a part of the Cochin estuarine system on the west coast of India. Kuttanad is well known for its agricultural activity and so the major contribution to the inorganic ions of nitrogen will be from fertilisers applied in agriculture. Based on observed salinity the stations have been divided into three zones. The fresh water zones had higher quantities of silt and clay whereas the estuarine zone was more sandy. The chemical speciation scheme applied here distinguishes three forms of ammoniacal nitrogen species: exchangeable, fixed, and organic ammoniacal nitrogen. No significant trends were observed in the seasonal distribution of total, exchangeable, fixed and organic nitrogen. A significant concentration of exchangeable ammonia was observed in the sediment due to their predominantly reducing environment, which restricts nitrification. High NH₄-N concentrations in the pore waters, along with the sedimentary composition leads to a significantly high quantity of fixed NH₄-N. The low values for N org is due to high mineralisation or deamination of organic nitrogen     

黄土丘陵区降雨、径流、土壤水分的时空分布与利用对策

基于黄土丘陵区的延安燕沟多年监测资料，通过对燕沟流域的降雨、径流、及其不同土地利用方式下土壤水分等时空分布特征分析，明确了黄土丘陵区降雨的时间、空间分布具有显著差异性。降雨量在6～9月相对集中，年际、月际变异大；同时次降雨量、月降雨量均存在显著空间异质性，如降雨量沿燕沟沟道变化及坡向分异。径流特征是降雨及其下垫面特征的综合反映，3月左右由于气温上升，河道解冻，径流量出现小高峰，雨季后2个月出现最大高峰水量。对径流的利用则由于供水／需水时间错位，利用主要集中在枯水季节（4-6月），土壤水资源由于地形、降雨、植被覆盖等的差异性，特别是植被差异性利用，则存在时空异质性。土壤水分在雨季后1-2月在0～150cm形成高值期，150cm以下的土壤恢复缓慢。植被差异利用形成了土壤水分剖面不同：梯田〉草地〉拧条林〉拧条＋五角枫林〉沙棘林〉刺槐林。根据对水资源系统分析，提出了流域水资源开发利用的对策：农作物适雨种植制度；植被空间合理布局；降雨、土壤水、径流三水联合御旱，提高水资源利用效率。     

Exploratory Analysis and a Stochastic Model for Humusdisintegration

Ulrich (1981) supposes in the hypothesis of humusdisintegrationthat the balance between polymerisation and breakdown of organicmaterial may be disturbed in chemically well buffered Europeanforest soils. This new aspect of aluminium toxicity may causenitrogen exceedance in forest ecosystems and subsequent seasonalnitrate output (Eichhorn and Hütterman, 1999).In a research program the substances in the seepage water aremonitored in a small woodland in central Germany. We explorethese multivariate data for examining possible influences on theprocess of humusdisintegration and its temporal evolution. As aresult, a regression model for carbon is developed, whichincludes covariables, i.e., other substances, as well as spatialand temporal terms describing systematic variability. Especiallyiron and aluminium turn out to be very influential in the model.So far our work is a basic step for monitoring the seepage waterdata by means of stochastic modelling.     

陕西省冬春季PM2.5时空分布特征研究

根据陕西省2016年12月至2017年5月PM_2.5质量浓度逐小时数据，利用ArcGIS分析陕西省PM_2.5污染时空变化格局，并分析造成南北差异的原因，再利用小波分析手段探讨各市PM_2.5污染时间序列周期和突变特性。结果表明：（1）陕西省冬季PM_2.5污染重，春季污染轻，并表现出"关中高，南北低"的特征，秦岭南北经济发展差异和供暖差异是控制陕西省PM_2.5污染空间格局的主要原因；（2）冬季和春季单日PM_2.5浓度变化趋势基本一致，为"双峰双谷型"，日最低值出现在16∶00~18∶00；（3）Morlet小波分析结果显示，陕西省PM_2.5日均变化序列存在多时间尺度特征。陕北城市PM_2.5污染第1主周期为40 d，关中城市和陕南商洛市有40 d和65 d两个共同周期，安康市和汉中市共同周期为20 d和80 d；（4）陕西省PM_2.5突变事件冬季频繁而春季较少，多发生在1月和2月，春季1次大范围的沙尘天气，造成了陕西省5月5日8个城市PM_2.5污染浓度剧增。     

Changes in quality of groundwater with seasonal fluctuations： an example from Ghor Sail area, southern Dead Sea coastal aquifers, Jordan

The demand for water resources in the area south of the Dead Sea due to continued development, especially at the Arab Potash Company （APC） for production and domestic purposes necessitates that water quality in the area be monitored and evaluated based on the local geology and hydrogeology. The objective of this paper is to monitor seasonal fluctuations of groundwater and to determine how fluctuation in the water levels will affect the groundwater quality. Groundwater levels were found to be influenced by rainfall and pumping of water from the wells for domestic and industrial use. Twenty water samples were collected from different wells and analyzed for major chemical constituents both in pre- and post-seasons to determine the quality variation. Chemical constituents are significantly increased after post-season recharge. According to the overall assessment of the area, water quality was found to be useful for drinking, irrigation and industry.     

基于2015～2018年实时监测数据对关中平原城市群PM2.5时空变化规律的研究

为了解关中平原城市群PM_2.5时空变化规律，利用2015～2018年国家空气质量检测平台发布的PM_2.5实时监测数据，并用地统计学和探索性空间数据分析等方法，对关中平原城市群PM_2.5污染的时空变化规律进行分析。结果表明，关中平原城市群PM_2.5污染总体呈向好趋势，PM_2.5年均超标城市由11个减少到8个，年均浓度超标率显著下降。PM_2.5污染主要出现在冬季，春秋季过渡，夏季PM_2.5浓度季度均值、月均值都最低，PM_2.5日均值曲线与月均值曲线大致趋势一致，呈单峰"脉冲型"变化；PM_2.5污染在空间上具有明显的分异性和集聚性特征，表现出"临汾-咸阳"为轴的高污染区面积逐渐缩小，而以平凉、天水为中心的低污染区面积逐渐扩大的空间变化规律。