Atmospheric radon in Hong Kong

For the first time in Hong Kong, atmospheric radon concentration was continuously monitored between November 2007 and October 2008. This paper presents the results obtained during the 12-month period. The annual mean atmospheric radon concentration in Hong Kong was found to be 9.3 Bq m⁻³ which was close to the level at neighbouring places like Guangdong and Taiwan. An estimation of the dose arising from atmospheric radon to the Hong Kong population was made. The meteorological effects on the variation of atmospheric radon concentration were discussed. It was found that the origin of the airmass and stability of the local atmosphere played vital roles in the seasonal and diurnal variations respectively, whereas precipitation caused abrupt changes in rainy days. An attempt was also made to find out the contribution of atmospheric radon to the ambient gamma dose rate.     

Eutrophication of Lake Tasaul,Romania—proposals for rehabilitation

Background, aim, and scope  The reclamation of nonferrous metal-polluted soil by phytoremediation requires an overall and permanent plant cover. To select the most suitable plant species, it is necessary to study metal effects on plants over the time, thereby checking that metals remain stored in root systems and not transferred to aerial parts. In this purpose, the seasonal and annual variations of metal bioaccumulation, transfer, and phytotoxicity in Trifolium repens and Lolium perenne grown in a Cd-, Pb-, and Zn-contaminated soil were also studied. Materials and methods  The experimental site was located near a closed smelter. In spring 2004, two areas were sown with T. repens and L. perenne, respectively. Thereafter, the samplings of plant roots and shoots and surrounding soils were realized in autumn 2004 and spring and autumn 2005. The soil agronomic characteristics, the Cd, Pb, and Zn concentrations in the surrounded soils and plant organs, as well as the oxidative alterations (superoxide dismutase [SOD], malondialdehyde [MDA], and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine [8-OHdG]) in plant organs were carried out. Results  Whatever the sampling period, metal concentrations in soils and plants were higher than background values. Contrary to the soils, the fluctuations of metal concentrations were observed in plant organs over the time. Bioaccumulation and transfer factors confirmed that metals were preferentially accumulated in the roots as follows: Cd>Zn>Pb, and their transfer to shoots was limited. Foliar metal deposition was also observed. The results showed that there were seasonal and annual variations of metal accumulation in the two studied plant species. These variations differed according to the organs and followed nearly the same pattern for the two species. Oxidative alterations were observed in plant organs with regard to SOD antioxidant activities, MDA, and 8-OHdG concentrations. These alterations vary according to the temporal variations of metal concentrations. Discussion  Metal concentrations in surrounded soils and plant organs showed the effective contamination by industrial dust emissions. Metals absorbed by plants were mainly stored in the roots. With regard to this storage, the plants seemed to limit the metal transfer to their aerial parts over the time, thereby indicating their availability for metal phytostabilization. Aerial deposition was another source of plant exposure to nonferrous metals. Despite the occurrence of metal-induced oxidative alterations in plant organs, both plant species seemed to tolerate a high metal concentration in soils. Conclusions  Taken together, these results indicated that T. repens and L. perenne were able to form a plant cover on highly Cd-, Pb-, and Zn-polluted soils, to limit the metal transfer to their aerial parts and were relatively metal-tolerant. All these characteristics made them suitable for phytostabilization on metal-contaminated soils. These findings also highlighted the necessity to take into account seasonal and annual variations for a future phytomanagement. Recommendations and perspectives  In this work, the behavior of plant species grown in metal-polluted soil has been studied during 2 years. Obviously, this time is too short to ensure that metals remain accumulated in the root system and few are transferred in aerial parts over the time. It is why regular monitoring should be achieved during more than a decade after the settlement of the plant cover. This work will be completed by the study of the T. repens and L. perenne effects on mobility of metals in order to evaluate the quantities of pollutants which could be absorbed by the biota and transferred to groundwater. Bioaccessibility tests could be also realized on polluted soils in order to evaluate the phytostabilization impacts on the exposition risks for humans.     

北江上游水环境重金属污染及生态毒性的时空变化

为了解北江中上游(翁源段)翁江及横石河沿岸地区水环境中重金属污染现状及其时空变化特征,分别于2013年8月(丰水期)和2014年3月(枯水期)采集两条河流及其周边地区不同点位的地表水及地下水,分析了水体中As、Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn 6种重金属元素的含量及变化,并结合发光菌毒性测试方法对水体的生态毒性进行了评价.结果表明,横石河受重金属污染较翁江严重,丰、枯水期重金属Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb的平均浓度分别为1029.0、11086、36.200、114.00μg·L-1和444.20、8332.2、31.300、41.200μg·L-1,分别是地表水III类水质标准值的2.96、41.1、24.8、8.31倍和1.38、33.9、21.2、3.47倍;各重金属浓度最高值均出现在S1处,且该点位的水体明显呈酸性(p H=3.23),究其原因发现大宝山矿区是横石河水体重金属的主要污染源.生态毒性测试结果显示,不同时期横石河河水及沿岸地下水体对发光菌均产生了显著的毒性效应,其中,S1处水样丰、枯水期的抑制率分别高达100%和97.3%,为剧毒;而翁江仅丰水期时S12、S14处的河水水样表现出一定的低毒性.     

成渝城市群PM2.5的时空分布及其影响因素研究

随着工业化与城镇化的深入推进,成渝城市群的PM_2.5污染不断加剧,呈明显的区域性与复合性特征.该研究以2015—2017年成渝城市群空气质量监测站的日均ρ（PM_2.5）数据为基础,结合区域气象、遥感与统计年鉴等多源数据,采用反距离插值法分析了ρ（PM_2.5）的时空分布差异,采用Moran's I指数与LISA指数探索了ρ（PM_2.5）的全局和局部空间自相关性,并利用空间回归模型研究了自然、经济社会等因素对ρ（PM_2.5）的影响.结果表明:①成渝城市群ρ（PM_2.5）分布存在明显的时空差异.时间上,2015年PM_2.5污染最严重,ρ（PM_2.5）年均值为54.38 μg/m3,2016年、2017年PM_2.5污染状况逐年减轻,ρ（PM_2.5）年均值分别为53.68与47.56 μg/m3;空间上,成渝城市群东北部ρ（PM_2.5）较低,而南部ρ（PM_2.5）较高.②空间自相关分析结果表明,PM_2.5污染在成渝城市群存在显著的空间聚集性,成渝城市群南部ρ（PM_2.5）呈高值-高值聚集,成渝城市群北部ρ（PM_2.5）则呈低值-低值聚集.③空间回归结果表明,成渝城市群范围内某一地区邻近区域的ρ（PM_2.5）平均值增加1%时,该地区ρ（PM_2.5）将上升至少0.38%.城镇化率对ρ（PM_2.5）的影响最大,其次是第一产业增加值,再次是工业增加值占比和降水量.城镇化率、降水量与ρ（PM_2.5）呈负相关,而第一产业增加值、工业增加值占比与ρ（PM_2.5）呈正相关.研究显示,加快城镇化进程、减少第一产业排放、降低工业增加值占比（尤其是重污染工业）是有效解决成渝城市群PM_2.5污染的重要手段.      

西南地区紫色水稻土活性碳库的季节动态

以西南大学农业部紫色土生态环境重点野外科学观测试验站试验田为研究对象,探讨了土壤有机碳(soil organiccarbon,SOC)、易氧化有机碳(readily oxidized carbon,ROC)、可溶性有机碳(dissolved organic carbon,DOC)和微生物生物量碳(microbial biomass carbon,MBC)的季节变化。结果表明,在油菜生长季,紫色水稻土SOC、ROC及MBC含量具有相似的季节变化特征,表现为在油菜生长初期和末期含量高,而在生长中期含量低;三者的含量均在生长末期达到最高,分别为16.20g.kg-1、3.58 g.kg-1及309.70 mg.kg-1.DOC含量的季节变化模态为单峰型,在植物生长中期达到最高值37.64 mg.kg-1.各活性有机碳组分的分配比例与其含量的季节变化趋势大致相同,ROC、DOC分配比例以及微生物商的季节变化范围分别为15.49%～23.93%、0.11%～0.32%和1.44%～2.06%.SOC及ROC含量主要取决于地下5 cm处温度、土壤N含量及pH值,MBC含量的主要影响因子为地下5 cm处温度、根系生物量及根系C、N含量,DOC含量主要受土壤水分含量的限制.     

九龙江河口区主要污染物时空变化特征

根据九龙江河口区近30年的历史监测资料和2010年2个航次的现场调查资料,分析了该海域表层海水中无机氮(DIN)、活性磷酸盐(DIP)、化学耗氧量(COD)和石油类浓度的年际变化特征和平面分布变化特征,并应用富营养状态指数(EI)对海水水质进行评价与分析.结果表明,近30年,DIN、DIP年均浓度持续上升,COD年均浓度呈“W”状小幅波动趋势,石油类年均浓度先缓慢增加再降低;DIN浓度平面分布呈由西至东递减的特征,不同年份的DIP浓度平面分布有所差别,而COD和石油类浓度平面分布呈由湾内、西海域向湾外递减的趋势;海水EI呈不断加速升高的趋势,海水水质富营养化程度急剧恶化;受九龙江径流影响,高富营养化海域主要分布在九龙江北、中、南港和南溪入海口附近.所得的主要污染物浓度年际变化特征和平面分布变化特征等将为实施入海污染物总量控制奠定坚实基础.     

三峡库区降水化学组成及时空变化特征

对2000-2009年三峡库区巴南、涪陵和万州3个观测点降水的pH、电导率及其主要化学成分的时空变化进行了分析研究.结果表明,巴南、涪陵、万州降水pH平均值分别为5.76、6.03和5.52,平均电导率分别为117.3、72.3和63.1 μS·cm-1,降水酸化趋势在逐渐增强,污染程度高于北京、成都、深圳、湖南等地.降水中SO42-占阴离子总量的77％,NH4+和Ca2为主要的阳离子.巴南、涪陵、万州3个监测点的[NO3-]/[SO42-]比值较低,分别为0.125、0.164和0.169,表明降水酸化类型为硫酸型.由于排放与气象条件(包括降雨量等)的季节性变化,各离子组分呈现明显的时空变化特征,总体表现为冬春季降水中离子浓度高于夏秋季,污染程度为巴南＞涪陵＞万州.     

2010年广州亚运期间空气质量与污染气象条件分析

利用2010年11月4日～12月10日广州地区NO2、O3、SO2、PM、能见度实测资料,区域空气污染指数RAQI及大气输送扩散特征参数,分析广州亚运期间空气质量与气象条件变化特征.结果表明,亚运期间空气质量比亚运前后好,能见度比亚运前后大,PM1和PM2.5浓度比亚运前后小,能见度与PM1和PM2.5有较好的反相关;亚运期间NO2和SO2日均值和小时均值均达到国家一级标准,PM10日均值和O3小时均值均满足国家二级标准,污染物得到较好的控制;广州地区SO2受本地源和外地源远距离输送叠加影响,NO2受本地源影响较大;广州周边城市NO2、SO2和PM10有向广州输送的潜势,而广州O3有向其周边城市扩散的潜势;亚运期间污染气象条件比亚运前后有利,亚运期间污染物浓度降低得益于政府实施的减排措施及良好的气象条件.     

内蒙古东乌珠穆沁旗草甸草原生态环境时空演变分析

选取内蒙古东乌珠穆沁旗满都胡宝拉格草甸草原为研究区,在遥感和GIS技术的支撑下,以景观生态学理论为指导,通过分析该地区近15年来四个时期景观类型的空间格局、演化态势和变化规律,从景观视角挖掘出格局信息与生态环境变化之间的内在关联性,运用马尔科夫链模型对未来草原景观格局变化的趋势进行了模拟和预测,并分析了该地区生态环境变化的驱动机制,为科学利用和保护草地资源、保证区域可持续发展提供了科学依据。     

1990-2018年浙江省人为铅排放时空变化解析

随着工农业的高速发展,大量的人为铅排放到环境,引起了一系列的生态健康问题.本文以工农业集产区浙江省为案例,系统构建了18个铅排放源排放清单,其中新增添了纺织业、制革业、造纸业、秸秆利用、牲畜废物利用、化肥消费、农药消费等铅排放行业,估算了浙江省1990—2018年各污染源铅排放量,分析了其时空变异趋势.结果表明,浙江省前期（1990—2000）铅排放通量增长有限,其排放量仅约2500 t·a^-1,有色金属开采贡献了约55%;其后增长速度较快,到2014年以后达到较高的稳定值,约35000 t·a^-1,是1990年的14倍,铅酸蓄电池生产是其主要排放源,占比从14%增长到了80%.从排放的去向来看,98%左右的铅通过固废的形式进入环境,而进入大气和废水的只有2%和0.2%左右,其主要排放源分别为铅酸蓄电池生产、原煤燃烧、纺织业.而浙江省各个地区铅排放表现出较大的空间差异,各地区因工农业发展模式不一样,人为排放源也不一样.总体来看北部高于南部,尤其湖州、绍兴、舟山等地铅排放量较高.可见,浙江省人为铅排放形势仍然很严峻,控制好铅酸蓄电池生产固废资源化无害化处理是源头控制的重中之重,调整原煤燃烧将有利于降低大气铅排放,纺织业废水净化处理对缓解水体铅污染有重要意义.本研究不仅为浙江省铅污染治理提供了重要科学依据,同时也为铅污染源端防控提供了数据基础.