1990-2018年浙江省人为铅排放时空变化解析

随着工农业的高速发展,大量的人为铅排放到环境,引起了一系列的生态健康问题.本文以工农业集产区浙江省为案例,系统构建了18个铅排放源排放清单,其中新增添了纺织业、制革业、造纸业、秸秆利用、牲畜废物利用、化肥消费、农药消费等铅排放行业,估算了浙江省1990—2018年各污染源铅排放量,分析了其时空变异趋势.结果表明,浙江省前期（1990—2000）铅排放通量增长有限,其排放量仅约2500 t·a^-1,有色金属开采贡献了约55%;其后增长速度较快,到2014年以后达到较高的稳定值,约35000 t·a^-1,是1990年的14倍,铅酸蓄电池生产是其主要排放源,占比从14%增长到了80%.从排放的去向来看,98%左右的铅通过固废的形式进入环境,而进入大气和废水的只有2%和0.2%左右,其主要排放源分别为铅酸蓄电池生产、原煤燃烧、纺织业.而浙江省各个地区铅排放表现出较大的空间差异,各地区因工农业发展模式不一样,人为排放源也不一样.总体来看北部高于南部,尤其湖州、绍兴、舟山等地铅排放量较高.可见,浙江省人为铅排放形势仍然很严峻,控制好铅酸蓄电池生产固废资源化无害化处理是源头控制的重中之重,调整原煤燃烧将有利于降低大气铅排放,纺织业废水净化处理对缓解水体铅污染有重要意义.本研究不仅为浙江省铅污染治理提供了重要科学依据,同时也为铅污染源端防控提供了数据基础.     

菏泽市冬季PM2.5中二元羧酸类SOA的昼夜变化特征

为研究菏泽市冬季大气气溶胶中二元羧酸类化合物的昼夜变化特征与形成机制,于2017年冬季(12月)进行为期1个月的PM_(2.5)样品采集,并分析二元羧酸、酮羧酸、α-二羰基化合物及左旋葡聚糖等化学组分.结果表明,菏泽市冬季PM_(2.5)中白天二元羧酸与酮羧酸的总浓度均呈昼高夜低的变化特征,但α-二羰基化合物(二元羧酸的重要前体物)的变化特征却与之相反,表明白天气溶胶的氧化程度比夜晚强.无论在白天还是晚上,草酸(C_2)均是浓度最高的二元羧酸,其次是邻苯二甲酸(Ph)、丁二酸(C_4)和丙二酸(C_3),与其他城市地区的分子组成是相似的.由C_3/C_4的比值与温度(T)间的相关性分析可知,菏泽市冬季有机化合物主要受本地源的影响,而受远源输入的影响很小. C_2与SO_4~(2-)、气溶胶实际酸度(pHIS)的相关性分析表明,C_2主要是在液相中经酸催化的二次氧化反应形成的.因为主要的二元羧酸类化合物(C_2、Gly和mGly)与左旋葡聚糖(Levo)的相关性很强,且K~+/OC的平均比值为0. 06(范围为0. 03～0. 13),所以可以得出二元羧酸类化合物及K~+主要受生物质燃烧的影响.     

北京市大气降水理化特性的演变及其重要的环境效应

通过采集北京市2018、2019和2021年大气降水样品,研究了北京市大气降水中主要金属元素和水溶性离子浓度,重金属、水溶性离子、溶解性无机氮（DIN）和无机硫（SO₄^2--S）湿沉降通量及其对生态环境的影响,以及典型降水过程对大气污染物的清除机制. 结果表明,研究期间北京市降水多呈中性或碱性,酸雨率极低,仅为3.06%. 2018、2019和2021年降水中主要金属元素总浓度依次为（4 787.46 ±4 704.31）、（7 663.07 ±8 395.05）和（2 629.13 ±2 369.51）μg·L^-1,离子总当量浓度依次为（851.68 ±649.16）、（973.98 ±850.94）和（644.31 ±531.16）μeq·L^-1,二者年际变化均表现为：2019年>2018年>2021年;春季、夏季、秋季和冬季的主要金属元素总浓度的季节均值分别为（9 624.25 ±7 327.92）、（4 088.67 ±5 710.14）、（3 357.68 ±3 995.64）和（6 203.19 ±3 857.43）μg·L^-1,春季、夏季、秋季和冬季的离子总当量浓度的季节均值分别为（1 014.71 ±512.21）、（729.83 ±589.90）、（724.35 ±681.40）和（1 014.03 ±359.67） μeq·L^-1,二者季节变化均表现为：春季>冬季>夏季>秋季. NO₃^-和SO₄^2-是主要的致酸离子,而NH₄⁺和Ca²⁺是主要的酸中和离子. 值得注意的是重金属Cd的湿沉降通量虽然较低,仅占所有重金属湿沉降通量的（0.13 ±0.04）%,但Cd的土壤安全年限为291 a,显著低于其他重金属,因此,其生态风险相对较高. 水溶性离子NH₄⁺、Ca²⁺、NO₃^-和SO₄^2-的湿沉降通量占总离子湿沉降通量的（85.72 ±2.18）%,对生态环境的综合影响可能较大. DIN湿沉降通量主要以NH₄⁺-N为特征,在夏季对生态环境具有重要的促进作用. SO₄^2--S湿沉降通量在夏季较高,对生态环境的促进作用较大. 大气降水对污染物的清除作用受诸多因素影响,这些因素协同作用直接影响降水对污染物的清除机制.     

中国城市土地消耗强度的时空格局与收敛性分析

基于中国31个省份2000~2012年共13年的面板数据,分析了中国城市土地消耗强度的时空格局,并引入空间效应对其收敛性进行了检验。研究结果表明:1中国城市土地消耗强度的变化趋势是发散的,中、西部地区在缩小与东部地区经济差距的过程中,其经济增长是建立在高土地资源消耗的基础上的;2从时空格局看,城市土地消耗强度有收敛的可能,但随时间序列的移动,收敛迹象逐渐模糊;3空间模型估计结果表明城市土地消耗强度存在空间溢出效应,某省份城市土地消耗强度下降受到其他省份城市土地消耗强度下降的影响;同时其空间自相关性受到未被观测的解释变量的冲击,从侧面反映出除土地要素投入外,资本、劳动力和科技等要素投入,对提高单位建设用地的经济效益同样具有明显的影响。研究成果为促进土地资源节约集约利用提供科学依据。     

基于景观格局的盐城海岸带土地利用时空变化分析

在GIS和RS技术支持下,以行政区划为评价单元,通过土地利用转移矩阵、景观格局指数对盐城海岸带土地利用变化的主要方式、景观格局特征及时空分异规律进行定量分析。结果表明:2000~2010年,盐城海岸带土地利用类型以耕地、建设用地和水域为主,其中耕地是盐城海岸带的优势类型,虽然近年来呈逐渐下降的趋势,但仍是区域景观基质类型,均占总面积的78%以上;海岸带景观水平趋于破碎化,区域景观格局更加复杂化、分散化和多样化;研究区北部景观水平特征指数较中部、南部为高。自然地理条件、经济发展水平及不同土地利用方式所带来的利益差异是导致盐城海岸带景观格局变化的关键驱动因素。     

2000~2010年汉江流域湿地动态变化及其空间趋向性

基于面向对象分类方法建立汉江流域2000年、2005年和2010年湿地景观数据库。运用湿地景观动态变化指数、强度指数及多度指数等方法分析近10a来汉江流域湿地景观变化的时空分异特征及空间趋向性。结果表明：2000年以来,汉江流域湖泊、河流、水田湿地面积大幅度减少,其中前5a（2000~2005年）湿地变化强度明显高于后5a（2005~2010年）。空间趋向性以湿地景观内部转变和湿地向其他用地转移为主要特征,内部转变以水田与水库坑塘间的转变为主,在空间上呈现3种趋向特征：湖泊周围[0-12]km两者之间转化强度随距离拉大而增大;河流周围两者转变趋势明显,在[4-6] km变化尤为突出;交通用地附近[0-4] km水田与水库坑塘间转变强度高。水田、湖泊和水库坑塘湿地向建设用地的转变是引起区域湿地面积萎缩的重要原因,10a间湿地向建设用地转变总量约为470.43 km²,占湿地变化总量的22.55%。     

Occurrence,spatial and seasonal variation,and environmental risk of pharmaceutically active compounds in the Pearl River basin,South China

● 38 PhACs and 2 pesticides were detected in the three rivers of the Pearl River basin. ● Anti-inflammatory/analgesics drugs were the predominant PhACs. ● The concentrations of PhACs showed seasonal and spatial variation. ● Diazepam and ibuprofen were the two PhACs with a moderate environmental risk. The occurrence, fate, and environmental risk of 40 pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) from surface waters and sediments were comprehensively investigated in the Beijiang River, Xijiang River, and Maozhou River of the Pearl River basin, South China. Salicylic acid and diclofenac (anti-inflammatory drugs), gemfibrozil (a lipid regulator), carbamazepine (an antiepileptic drug), diazepam (a psychoactive drug), and 2-methyl-4-chloro-phenoxyacetic acid (MCPA, a pesticide) were the most ubiquitous compounds in the studied region. The average concentrations of detected PhACs in surface waters and sediments ranged from 0.17 to 19.1 ng/L and 0.10 to 10.4 ng/g, respectively. Meanwhile, PhACs concentration in surface waters and sediments varied greatly among and within the Beijiang River, Xijiang River, and Maozhou River. The largest annual flux of PhACs of the Xijiang River and Beijiang River was more than 11 000 kg per annum, whereas only 25.7 kg/a in the Maozhou River. In addition, the estimated emissions of PhACs in the Beijiang River, Xijiang River, and Maozhou River ranged respectively from 0.28 to 4.22 kg/a, 0.12 to 6.72 kg/a, and 6.66 to 91.0 kg/a, and the back-estimated usage varied with a range from 12.0 to 293 kg/a, 6.79 to 944 kg/a, 368 to 17 459 kg/a. Moreover, the emissions of PhACs showed a close relationship with the gross domestic product (GDP) of each city along the Pearl River. The environmental risk assessment suggested that diazepam and ibuprofen had a moderate risk in this region.     

Spatial and Geographical Variations of Urban, Suburban and Rural Atmospheric Concentrations of Phenols and Nitrophenols (7 pp)

Goal, Scope and Background Atmospheric sampling (gas and particles) of 5 phenols (phenol, m-cresol, p-cresol, o-cresol, pentachlorophenol) and 15 nitrophenols (3-methyl-2-nitrophenol, 3-nitrophenol, 4-methyl-2-nitrophenol, 5-methyl-2-nitrophenol, 2-methyl-3nitrophenol, 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol, 2,6-dinitrophenol, bromoxynil, 2,5-dinitrophenol, 2,6-dinitro-p-cresol, 2,4-dinitrophenol, ioxynil, DNOC, 3,4-dinitrophenol, dinoseb) on XAD-2 resin (20 gr) and glass fibre filters, respectively, were performed in 2002 by using 'Digitel DA80' high volume samplers. These measurements were undertaken in order to show spatial and geographical variations of concentrations and the role of traffic in the emissions of these compounds to the atmosphere. Methods Sampling were performed in Strasbourg (eastern France), in its vicinity (Schiltigheim) and in Erstein. Sites were chosen to be representative of urban (Strasbourg), suburban (Schiltigheim) and rural (Erstein) conditions. Field campaigns were undertaken simultaneously in urban and suburban sites during all the seasons during 4 hours at a flow rate of 60 m3.h-1, which gives a total of 240 m3 of air per sample. Period of sampling varied between 06h00 to 10h00, 11h00 to 15h00 and 18h00 to 22h00 in order to evaluate a variation of concentration during automobile traffic between urban, suburban and rural areas. Gas and particle samples were separately Soxhlet extracted for 12 h with a mixture of CH2Cl2 / n-hexane (50:50 v/v), concentrated to about 1 mL with a rotary evaporated and finally dried under nitrogen. Dry extracts were dissolved in 1 mL of CH3CN. Before analysis, extracts were sylilated by using MTBSTFA. Analysis was performed by GC/MSD in the SIM mode. Results and Discussion Partitioning of phenolic compounds between gas and particle phases seems to be mainly correlated with vapour pressure. Among phenolic compounds analysed, phenol, p-cresol, pentachlorophenol and 2.4-dinitrophenol were detected in all samples and emissions from traffic seems to be the major source for the presence of these compounds to the atmosphere. No increase of concentrations in autumn tend to confirm this hypothesis since, with the use of domestic heating in colder months, increases of PAHs concentrations were observed and these compounds are known to be emitted by all combustion processes. Pentachlorophenol is a special case since this molecule is only used as wood preservative. Its presence in all atmospheric samples, whatever the locations and the period of time is the consequence of its persistence. Conclusions and Perspectives These measurements demonstrate that phenols and nitrophenols are emitted to the atmosphere and further measurements, in order to confirm their sources, their behaviour and their potential impact to the air quality and to human health should be undertaken especially since the literature collected is relatively old. Concentrations of pentachlorophenol measured are very low and, due to its toxicity, further investigations should be undertaken. - * The basis of this peer-reviewed paper is a presentation at the 9th FECS Conference on 'Chemistry and Environment', 29 August to 1 September 2004, Bordeaux, France.     

黑龙江省生态足迹时空演变与生态可持续分析

为分析黑龙江省生态可持续性状态,基于植被净初级生产力（NPP）构建了均衡因子和产量因子,采用改进的生态足迹模型,核算黑龙江省2000—2020年生态足迹、生态承载力,揭示生态足迹空间格局变化特征。结果表明：黑龙江省均衡因子为林地>草地>耕地>水域;产量因子为水域>草地>林地>耕地。黑龙江省21年间人均生态足迹增速远大于人均生态承载力,致使人均生态赤字状况日益严重;但考虑到国内贸易后,人均生态足迹呈现先增加后平稳状态,仅在2005—2010年为生态赤字状态,2010年后处于生态平衡状态;在空间上呈现明显的空间异质性。黑龙江省一直处于轻度消耗资产存量发展状态;耕地、草地资本流量无法满足社会需求;化石燃料生态足迹深度增长迅速,且表现为高生态赤字。黑龙江省总体呈现区域发展稍不安全、弱可持续发展状态;草地长期处于强不可持续状态。近年来黑龙江省生态环境状况得到有效改善,但土地资源利用不均的问题突出,应引起关注。

     

干旱河谷区土地利用与生态系统服务价值时空演变—以四川攀西地区为例

研究土地利用与生态系统服务价值（ESV）的时空演变对干旱河谷区土地利用结构优化和生态环境可持续发展具有重要意义。基于高精度土地利用遥感解译数据,运用空间统计分析和地理探测器等方法,探究2000—2020年攀西地区（典型干旱河谷）及其内部分区土地利用和ESV的时空演变及分异特征。结果表明：2000—2020年攀西地区及各内部分区林地占主导,水域和建设用地增长迅速。除南部峡谷工矿区外,攀西地区整体及其内部分区的ESV呈增长趋势;林地对攀西地区ESV的贡献率最大,但建设用地对ESV增长的阻碍作用逐步增强。ESV呈西北部和中部高、东北部和南部低的态势,损失区集中于城镇建设和森林退化区域,增值区集中于水库、水电站修建区和退耕地区,高值区逐步扩大,低值区逐渐缩小。研究期内ESV及其变化的Moran's I均大于0,具有显著空间自相关性(P<0.001),但ESV空间聚集性缓慢减弱。人类活动对攀西地区及各内部分区ESV空间分异产生显著影响,其中人为影响指数达48.45%以上。