珠江八大入海口门可溶态铜的时空变化及其影响因素

以1987年至2011年的月测数据为基础,分析了珠江八大人海口可溶态铜的时空变化,并探讨了工业发展、铜矿厂分布、水产养殖及铜消费量等因素对它们的影响。研究结果表明:与国内外其它人海口相比,珠江口可溶态铜的含量处于较高水平,其中,虎门水道(A1)可溶态铜的含量显著高于除鸡啼门水道(A6)外的其它人海口(p0.1),可能是受工业废水排放及铜矿厂分布的影响。在时间变化趋势上,8个采样点之间,除了A1与A4外,其它采样点间均呈显著的正相关性(p0.1),其中A5和A6的变化趋势还与我国的铜消费量具有显著相关性(p0.1),表明人海口之间铜污染可能具有相似的影响因素,且工业生产活动对水体铜污染的波动具有一定的影响。     

江苏土包山金铁矿床及其成矿机制

土包山金铁矿床产于石英闪长玢岩火山—侵入体裂隙中的矽卡岩内,与岩浆同化混染和分异作用所形成的贯入型矽卡岩有关,其成岩温度380℃—515℃,磁铁矿成矿温度300℃—380℃,硫化物和自然金的形成温度200℃—310℃,碳、硫、氢、氧同位素资料说明,成矿物质主要来源于地壳深部的岩浆,而成矿溶液主要为岩浆水。     

历史时期黄河流域城市空间格局演变与影响因素

研究历史时期黄河流域城市的空间格局演变,能够更好地理解人居环境的特点和发展脉络,对当今黄河流域生态保护、城镇发展有重要的现实价值。采用哈佛大学CHGIS数据库中城市时间序列数据,以及历史人口数据、流域和高程数据,通过实证分析,梳理黄河流域城市时空格局演变过程与影响因素。研究发现：（1）城市数量变化可划分为五个阶段。（2）一级延续稳定区,以今安阳为中心的河南北部城市高密集区和以今西安为中心的关中城市高密集区;以今济南、太原、洛阳为中心的次高密集区。二级延续稳定区分为五条重要的城市带,即渭河城市带、汾河城市带、鲁中山地北麓城市带、太行山东麓城市带及运河城市带。（3）城市重心迁移的平均距离为32 km,人口重心迁移的平均距离为95.78 km,城市和人口的分布有着较密切的联系。（4）气温、降水、高程、与河流的距离、黄河下游河道的变迁等自然因素,以及战争、都城转移和人工运河等人文因素共同影响了历史时期黄河流域城市的时空格局。     

转Bt基因棉花抗虫萜烯类化合物时空动态的HPLC分析

利用高效液相色谱（HPLC）技术对转Bt基因棉花抗虫萜烯化合物种类、含量以及时空动态进行了初步研究。结果表明,被研究的抗虫棉品种抗虫萜烯类化合物在不同品种、不同组织器官间含量差异较大。叶片中杀实夜蛾素（包括H1、H2、H3、H4)含量较高,花及蕾中棉酚含量的比例明显高于叶片。总抗虫萜烯类（包括棉酚、半棉酚酮、杀实夜蛾素H1、H2、H3、H4以及甲氧基半棉酚酮等）均以铃、顶叶含量最高,蕾、花柱等器官次之。说明在棉花不同品种、同一品种不同器官中是不同的萜烯类化合物在起到抗虫作用。图3参16     

Geographical differentiation of selenium concentration in hair from children and youngsters in China

Selenium concentration in hair are sorted out into three classes, i.e. low (<110 ppb), medium (110-520 ppb) and high (>520 ppb) according to the principle of multiple normal distribution and a map of classification of selenium concentration in hair from children and youngsters in China has been drawn. Selenium insufficiency in relation to Keshan disease and Kashin-Beck's disease is expounded. Geographical differentiation of hair selenium concentrations and its causes are explained.     

Population differentiation in female sex pheromone and male preferences in a solitary bee

Population differentiation in female mating signals and associated male preferences can drive reproductive isolation among segregated populations. We tested this assumption by investigating intraspecific variation in female sex pheromone and associated male odour preferences among distant populations in the solitary bee Colletes cunicularius (L.) by using quantitative gas chromatography and by performing field bioassays with synthetic blends of key sex pheromone compounds. We found significant differences in sex pheromone blends among the bee populations, and the divergence in odour blends correlated positively with geographic distance, suggesting that genetic divergence among distant populations can affect sex pheromone chemistry. Our behavioural experiments, however, demonstrate that synthetic copies of allopatric female sex pheromones were cross-attractive to patrolling males from distant populations, making reproductive isolation by non-recognition of mating signals among populations unlikely. Our data also show that patrolling male bees from different populations preferred odour types from allopatric populations at the two sites of bioassays. These male preferences are not expected to select for changes in the female sex pheromone, but may influence the evolution of floral odour in sexually deceptive orchids of the genus Ophrys that are pollinated by C. cunicularius males.     

黑水河干旱河谷沿程土壤物理参数梯度变化特征研究

横断山区干旱河谷是具有典型的旱季和雨季的特殊气候特征的区域,本区域土壤退化和荒漠化极大制约了区域农业的发展。本文研究了金沙江干热河谷区支流黑水河从源头到河口未扰动土壤的物理参数变化特征。结果表明,沿河土壤物理呈现不同变化趋势,砾石在中游部分河段和河口段高,而〉5mm团聚体的变化则相反;5～1mm的团聚体变化不大;〈1mm团聚体河口和源头段高于其余地段;土壤容重沿程增大,非饱和导水率源头地段土壤最高。本研究初步揭示了干旱河谷土壤不均匀,不同水热条件及其组合可能对退化程度有至关重要的影响。这表明横断山区不同的干旱河谷地段土壤和植被退化途径、退化特征和退化过程不同,开发和治理途径与方式也应当不同。     

东北三省农业碳排放效率时空演化特征及驱动因素分析

在经济社会低碳转型变革中,农业作为三大支柱产业之一,其碳排放效率是判断农业可持续发展的重要指标。本研究采用考虑非期望产出的全局SBM模型测算东北三省36个城市在2010—2019年的农业碳排放效率,并运用空间聚类分析和地理探测器探究其空间分异特征及驱动因素,旨在为推动东北地区实现农业高质量发展提供启示。研究结果显示：① 2010—2019年东北三省农业净碳汇总量和农业碳排放效率整体呈上升趋势,从城市尺度出发计算得到效率平均值由0.540提高至0.743;其中吉林省净碳汇增量及效率在研究期内均居于首位,黑龙江省和辽宁省分别具有“高排高汇”和“低排低汇”特征,研究期内各省效率值均有提高。②空间上东北三省农业碳排放效率呈现出“区块状”分布特征,空间聚集程度逐渐增强。③从整体尺度看,将东北地区整体农业碳排放效率作为样本,农业机械率成为研究期内决定力均值最高的驱动因子,但其作用强度逐渐削弱;通过观察不同时期关键交互因子发现,社会因素作用强度逐渐增强。从区域尺度看,农业机械率是影响黑龙江省、辽宁省农业碳排放效率空间分异格局的主导驱动因子,吉林省农业碳排放效率空间分异格局的主导驱动因子是农产品规模和城镇化率;而农业机械率与农业产业结构经过空间叠加后形成的交互因子,对三个省份农业碳排放效率空间分异格局都起到决定性作用。     

重点行业差别化环境准入政策路径研究

“三线一单”即生态保护红线、环境质量底线、资源利用上线和环境准入负面清单,是以改善环境质量为目标,积极落实生态文明体制改革要求,深化环评制度改革的一项重点工作。本文根据“三线一单”的分区管控体系,以重点管控单元和一般管控单元为基础,结合行业发展特征、管控单元突出环境问题,以问题为导向,以环境质量改善为目标,制定了重点行业差别化环境准入政策研究路径,开展了四川省白酒行业污染物排放管控差别化环境准入政策制定案例分析,并从前期会商、强化保障、动态完善、深入研究四个方面提出政策实施和完善的建议。     

Application of the One-Migrant-per-Generation Rule to Conservation and Management

Abstract:  Endangered species are commonly found in several (partially) isolated populations dispersed on different fragments of a habitat, natural reserve, or zoo. A certain level of connectivity among such populations is essential for maintaining genetic variation within and between populations to allow local and global adaptation and for preventing inbreeding depression. A rule of thumb widely accepted by the conservation community is that one migrant per generation (OMPG) into a population is the appropriate level of gene flow. This rule is based on Wright's study of his island model under a long list of simplifying assumptions. I examined the robustness of the OMPG rule to the violation of each of the many assumptions, quantifying the effect with population genetics theory. I showed that, when interpreted as one effective migrant per generation, OMPG is generally valid for real populations departing from the ideal model in the discrepancies of actual (  N ) and effective (  N_e  ) population sizes and actual ( m ) and effective ( m_e  ) migration rates. I also addressed the issue of converting the effective number of migrants (  M_e= N_em_e  ) into the actual number of migrants ( M = Nm  ) of a certain age and sex. In particular, N_e < N , a case common for natural populations, did not necessarily require M > M_e to maintain a certain level of differentiation among populations. Rather, translating the elusive M_e into the manageable M depends on the specific causes (e.g., biased sex ratio, reproductive skew) that lead to N_e < N .