草原区露天煤矿开发景观格局影响回顾性评价——以胜利一号露天矿为例

本文以胜利一号露天矿为例,通过解译近40年来矿区周边的遥感影像图片,对矿区周边的景观类型和景观格局变化进行回顾性评价,结果表明：（1）目前胜利一号露天矿周边景观以草原景观为主,75.41%的景观为草原景观,其中以克氏针茅草原所占面积最大,占整个评价区面积的60.22%,其次为羊草草原景观（占11.58%）。（2）胜利一号露天矿周边景观类型在近40年来发生了明显变化,草原景观不断减少,而人工景观类型却在不断增加2,000年以后人工景观增加幅度最大,2010年人工景观类型面积是2000年的3.54倍。（3）胜利一号露天矿周边土壤质地正逐步由低湿化向中生化和砾石质化转变,草原景观类型也发生了一定变化,与1973年相比2,010年克氏针茅草原面积增加了14.22%,而羊草草原面积却降低了53.6%。（4）人工景观的增加使得矿区周边整个景观更趋于多样化,景观分布也趋于均匀,而景观优势度指数降低,景观斑块密度逐渐增大,最大斑块指数、平均斑块周长面积比、最近邻体距离、蔓延度指数逐渐减小,景观斑块趋于小型化,使景观异质性增加,景观破碎化加大。（5）人工景观的增加使草原景观内部的多样性和均匀度正在遭受破坏;而且随着草原景观中克氏针茅草原面积的不断增加,草原景观的优势度指数不断增加。     

基于景观空间格局指数法的长江口水域生态环境变化分析

以长江口重大工程区、重要生态敏感区及其邻近水域为研究区域,采用景观生态学中景观空间格局指数方法,分析2001年8月和2006年8月两次取样调查期间长江口生态环境变化。研究结果表明:5 a间以重大工程为主的人类活动对长江口水域生态环境影响显著。无机氮、活性磷酸盐污染严重,其斑块对干扰敏感度高,受干扰的强度最大,斑块多样性指数下降;由于海域重大工程建设增加了水体中悬浮物含量,使得悬浮物斑块优势度升高;在轻度或中度干扰下,盐度、COD、悬浮物、叶绿素a斑块的破碎化程度升高;2006年长江口浮游植物、浮游动物和底栖生物的多样性指数值、破碎化程度均处于较高水平。     

3S技术在景观生态研究中的作用和意义

景观生态学是研究景观尺度上的生态学问题;3S技术为景观生态学研究提供了极为有效的一系列工具,成为资料收集、存储、处理和分析所不可缺少的手段,利用3S技术在景观数据的获取、景观空间格局分析、景观生态监测、评价与管理、景观空间模拟、景观生态规划等方面的应用研究,对3S技术在景观生态学中的广泛应用起推动作用。     

基于3S技术的琅岐岛景观空间格局分析

以景观生态学理论为基础,选取2006年和2010年覆盖琅岐岛的遥感影像,利用3S技术,提取研究区两个时期的景观类型。然后选取斑块大小、斑块数量、斑块密度、面积加权平均形状指数和香农多样性指数等景观生态指标,从景观的基本构成、景观水平的破碎化与多样性、不同景观斑块的空间格局特征等方面分析琅岐岛的景观格局,并提出对研究区合理规划土地开发利用的建议。     

江苏沿海化工快速发展的空间格局、环境响应和战略管理对策

江苏省的化工产业污染正呈现向沿海地区快速转移的趋势.为此,本研究首先利用Landsat TM遥感数据快速识别江苏沿海化工园区,并与GIS结合分析其空间分布格局;接着分析各化工园区与饮用水源地、重要生态敏感区距离及所处区域人口密度,计算各化工园区对周边生态系统的污染胁迫度;然后根据空间分布格局及污染胁迫度计算结果确定8个...     

铁屑内电解技术的强化方式及改进措施研究进展

铁屑内电解技术以铁屑为阳极牺牲材料,通过阴极活性炭的催化作用,能够廉价高效地处理生物难降解的含卤代化合物、硝基芳香族化合物、偶氮染料和高价态重金属等废水,具有良好的应用前景.本文介绍了铁屑内电解技术的反应过程和机理,总结分析了铁屑内电解过程的强化方式及其在工业废水处理方面的研究及应用情况,近年来铁屑内电解反应器和填料的...     

Effects of spatial resolution of remotely sensed data on estimating urban impervious surfaces

Impervious surfaces are the result of urbanization that can be explicitly quantified, managed and controlled at each stage of land development. It is a very useful environmental indicator that can be used to measure the impacts of urbanization on surface runoff, water quality, air quality, biodiversity and microclimate. Therefore, accurate estimation of impervious surfaces is critical for urban environmental monitoring, land management, decision-making and urban planning. Many approaches have been developed to estimate surface imperviousness, using remotely sensed data with various spatial resolutions. However, few studies, have investigated the effects of spatial resolution on estimating surface imperviousness. We compare medium-resolution Landsat data with high-resolution SPOT images to quantify the imperviousness in Beijing, China. The results indicated that the overall 91% accuracy of estimates of imperviousness based on TM data was considerably higher than the 81% accuracy of the SPOT data. The higher resolution SPOT data did not always predict the imperviousness of the land better than the TM data. At the whole city level, the TM data better predicts the percentage cover of impervious surfaces. At the sub-city level, however, the ring belts from the central core to the urban-rural peripheral, the SPOT data may better predict the imperviousness. These results highlighted the need to combine multiple resolution data to quantify the percentage of imperviousness, as higher resolution data do not necessarily lead to more accurate estimates. The methodology and results in this study can be utilized to identify the most suitable remote sensing data to quickly and efficiently extract the pattern of the impervious land, which could provide the base for further study on many related urban environmental problems.     

天然气集输站泄漏监控系统研究

为克服目前天然气集输站站控系统存在的主要技术问题,探讨了建立泄漏监控安全系统的技术要求.该系统应用负压波检漏技术、模式识别技术和虚拟仪器技术,实现了.对天然气泄漏的信号检测、处理、传输和实时动态显示等.借助于这些技术开发的天然气泄漏监控系统,具有数据处理准确可靠,精度高,误报率低等特点.通过该系统,可以及时获取相关参数和信息,实现早期预警,降低天然气泄漏的事故风险.     

Where clocks are redundant: weak circadian mechanisms in reindeer living under polar photic conditions

Biological rhythms are a result of interplay between endogenous clocks and the ambient light–dark (LD) cycle. Biological timing in resident polar organisms presents a conundrum because these experience distinct daily LD cycles for only a few weeks each year. We measured locomotor activity in reindeer, Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus (SR, n = 5 and 6) and R. tarandus tarandus (NR, n = 6), ranging freely at 78 and 70°N, respectively, continuously throughout 1 year using data loggers. NR, but not SR, are gregarious which enabled us to examine the integrated effects of differences in social organisation and the photic environment at two different latitudes on the organisation of activity. In both sub-species, ultradian bouts of activity and inactivity alternated across the 24-h day throughout the year. This pattern was modified by the LD cycle in NR but barely at all in SR. Periodogram analysis revealed significant ultradian rhythmicity in both sub-species; the frequency of daily cycles of activity increased from three per day in winter to nearly five in summer. We conclude that this increase, and a concomitant increase in the level of daily activity, reflected the seasonal increase in the animals’ appetite and the quality of their forage. Secondly, the combination, most evident in SR, of a weak photic response, weak circadian mechanisms and a weak social synchronization reduces the constraints of biological timing in an environment which is effectively non-rhythmic most of the year and permits expression of the basic ultradian pattern of ruminant activity. Third, the weaker 24-h rhythmicity in SR compared to NR indicates a latitudinal decrease in circadian organization and photic responsiveness in Rangifer.     

Impact of fertilization on chestnut growth, N and P concentrations in runo water on degraded slope land in South China

Growing fruit trees on the slopes of rolling hills in South China was causing serious environmental problems because of heavy application of chemical fertilizers and soil erosion. Suitable sources of fertilizers and proper rates of applications were of key importance to both crop yields and environmental protection. In this article, the impact of four fertilizers, i.e., inorganic compound fertilizer, organic compound fertilizer, pig manure compost, and peanut cake （peanut oil pressing residue）, on chestnut （Castanea mollissima Blume） growth on a slope in South China, and on the total N and total P concentrations in runoff waters have been investigated during two years of study, with an orthogonal experimental design. Results show that the organic compound fertilizer and peanut cake promote the heights of young chestnut trees compared to the control. In addition, peanut cake increases single-fruit weights and organic compound fertilizer raises single-seed weights. All the fertilizers increased the concentrations of total N and total P in runoff waters, except for organic compound fertilizer, in the first year experiment. The observed mean concentrations of total N varied from 1.6 mg/L to 3.2 mg/L and P from 0.12 mg/L to 0.22 mg/L, which were increased with the amount of fertilizer applications, with no pattern of direct proportion. On the basis of these experiment results, organic compound fertilizer at 2 kg/tree and peanut cake at 1 kg/tree are recommended to maximize chestnut growth and minimize water pollution.