北京市主要河流鱼类群落的空间格局特征

鱼类群落空间格局对于区域人为活动的干扰具有显著的指示作用.基于2014年5月-2015年8月北京市主要河流（永定河水系、大清河水系、潮白河水系和北运河水系）64个采样点的河流鱼类监测数据,采用聚类分析和非度量多维标度法,研究北京市主要河流鱼类群落的空间格局特征.结果表明:北京市鱼类在空间上形成了3个主要类型,包括分布于北京市主要河流上游山区的山溪型河流鱼类类型（组1）,分布于北京市主要河流上游山区向下游城区过渡区域的山溪向城市河流过渡鱼类类型（组2）,以及分布于北京市主要河流下游城区的城市河流鱼类类型（组3）.鱼类优势度指数分析表明,组1优势种主要为拉氏鱥、宽鳍鱲、棒花鱼、北方须鳅和中华花鳅,组2优势种为鲫鱼、宽鳍鱲、棒花鱼、麦穗鱼、黑鳍鳈、中华花鳅和波氏吻虾虎,组3优势种为鲫鱼、麦穗鱼和泥鳅.与历史监测资料比较,北京市鱼类生物多样性总体呈下降趋势,共有12种野生鱼类未能在野外监测中发现.北京市山区和过渡区域河流中保持了较高的生物多样性,受城市化和人类活动干扰的影响,城市河流的鱼类退化明显,物种组成以高耐污类群为主,群落结构呈现单一化.研究显示,北京市城市化过程对区域鱼类生物多样性下降具有显著影响,鱼类群落的空间格局分异加剧,与区域人为活动扰动的强度密切相关.      

中国居民消费磷足迹时空格局及驱动因素研究

在磷足迹内涵界定及其计算模型构建的基础上,探究了中国城乡居民食物消费磷足迹的时空格局,并解析了其驱动机制.结果表明：1978~2018年间,中国食物消费磷资源和磷污染足迹分别增长了6倍和4倍,达到2018年的715.9万t和78.7万t,其中城镇居民是主要贡献源,占比分别达到67%和64%.从结构上看,城乡食物消费磷资源足迹均由荤食主导,其中家禽、水产品和蛋奶消费的磷资源足迹占比不断增加;而磷污染足迹主要源于上游食物生产过程,其中种植业和水产养殖业增幅最为显著.我国31个省市食物消费磷资源足迹和磷污染足迹在空间分布上具有一致性,呈现从东向西减小的趋势,东部省市诸如广东、上海、江苏、北京和山东等远高于其他地区,并且具有高度的空间集聚性,在东部沿海形成高-高（H-H）聚集区.因此调控磷开发利用活动的资源环境压力需要着眼于这些重点区域.我国食物消费磷足迹增长的关键驱动因素是利用效率下降、消费水平提升和饮食结构改变,因此有效提升食物生产的养分利用效率和引导合理的消费理念和饮食习惯是减缓磷的开发活动资源环境压力的重要途径.     

国内外典型水治理模式及对武汉水治理的借鉴

通过国内外典型水治理模式的研究和比较,提出武汉市水治理的对策建议。采用了比较和归纳的方法,对日本、美国以及我国上海、北京的水治理模式进行了研究,归纳出强制性水污染治理模式、流域性水生态治理模式、景观性水环境治理模式、综合性水系治理模式四大典型水治理模式。在比较研究的基础上,提出水治理要正确处理好与水生态环境、水污染防治、城市形象、城市文化、经济发展、防汛抗洪的关系的结论。为使武汉市水资源发挥最大经济效益、社会效益和环境效益,提出保护“水生态”、提高“水质量”、建设“水景观”、丰富“水文化”、开发“水经济”、确保“水安全”等对策建议。     

基于复杂网络理论的原油贸易空间格局差异分析

本文采用复杂网络分析方法,结合区域分析与相似性分析,比较了十大进口国(地区)原油贸易空间结构差异.复杂网络分析旨在以入度、权重及结构熵勾勒出十大原油进口国(地区)石油贸易的拓扑结构差异,并在拓扑结构分析中结合区域分析以揭示十大贸易国(地区)原油进口贸易空间格局构成之不同;相似性分析则是在拓扑结构和空间结构研究基础上,进一步量化了十大进口国(地区)的空间结构差异程度及区位在进口国(地区)原油贸易空间格局形成中的作用.研究表明,主要进口国与地区的原油进口贸易空间结构存在显著差异.而地理区位差异越大的国家与地区间,贸易空间结构差异越大.除中国外,各原油进口大国与地区更倾向于选择较经济的进口地域;显著的多元化与均质化则导致了中国贸易空间格局的不经济.研究结果提示我们,多元化不应以过多牺牲经济性为前提,中国应权衡所面临的客观环境选择适合区域合作伙伴,才能更好的落实多元化进口策略,切实解决可能面临的石油安全问题.     

Change of Flood Patterns in China under the Influences of Climate Change and Human Activities

Abstract

Based on the flood affected area (FA) data of the provinces in China from 1950 to 2005, the article discusses the change of the flood patterns in China, and investigates its relationship with climate change and human activities. The flood center shifted from North China and the Yangtze–Huaihe basin in the 1950s towards the south, north and west of China, and located in the south of the Yangtze River and South China after the 1990s. The FA in the western provinces was continuously on the rise since the 1950s. There are two characteristics for the future flood pattern in China. The pattern of “flood in the south and drought in the north” depends on the north–south shift of the maximum rainfall region in eastern China. The flood intensification to the west of Hu Huanyong’s line mainly results from the increase of rainfall, extreme precipitation and the melting of glaciers under the background of human activity magnification.     

Study on the Comprehensive Tourism Development Pattern in Periphery Minority Area: A Case Study of Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Gansu Province,China

Abstract

The paper took the human-land relations as a basic point, and the theories of tourism industry system and sustainable development as the guidance, with Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture (Gannan) as the case study area. From microcosmic and macroscopic viewpoints, the author carried out function orientation and evaluation to the tourism industry development, and research on the comprehensive tourism industry development pattern of Gannan. Results show that the fragile ecological environment and the traditional economic growth pattern have restricted regional sustainable development, and made Gannan to become a representative of the periphery minority areas in Northwest China. Tourism development of Gannan is at the primary phase, with the characteristics of short industry chain and low economic efficiency. It is an inevitable choice to transform the way of regional economic growth and the development pattern of tourism industry from the traditional pattern to the pattern of sustainable development. Simultaneously, Gannan's natural, national and religious culture makes Gannan a broad prospect on the comprehensive tourism development. Gannan should choose the comprehensive tourism industry as its scientific pattern to realize sustainable development, promote harmonious social, economic and ecological development, alleviate the human-land contradictory, and realize dual goals in terms of ecology construction and economical development. For Gannan and the similar areas in China, studies on the sustainable development pattern of tourism have extremely important strategic sense with respect to tourism development and the sustainable development of regional economy.     

基于突变理论的国内外火灾科学研究进展和展望

简要归纳了突变模型的特征和突变理论的应用方式,重点综述了突变理论在火灾科学中的应用情况,概括了突变理论在火灾科学中三个应用特点。针对具体油气爆炸实验数据,利用随机突变理论,对油气爆炸的突变模式进行了初步研究,说明了建立统计突变模型的可行性。最后指出了突变理论应用于火灾科学的未来研究方向。     

HYDROGEOLOGY AND PATHS OF FLOW IN THE CARBONATE BEDROCK AQUIFER,NORTHWESTERN INDIANA1

ABSTRACT: The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is assessing the ground-water resources of the carbonate bedrock aquifers in Indiana and Ohio as part of their Regional Aquifer Systems Analysis program. Part of this assessment includes the determination of unknown aspects of the hydraulic characteristics, boundaries, and flow paths of the carbonate aquifer. To accomplish this, the USGS drilled three wells through the carbonate aquifer near the Kankakee River in northwestern Indiana. Geophysical logs were used to help determine depths and thicknesses for testing and to help describe geology at the three wells. Packer tests were used to determine direction of ground-water flow and to provide data for an analysis of the distribution of transmissivity in the carbonate aquifer. Transmissivity of the carbonates is associated with two physical characteristics of the rocks: fractures and interconnected porosity. Almost all of the transmissivity is derived from horizontal fracturing; however, only a few of the fractures present in the carbonate are transmissive. Some transmissivity is associated with a zone of fossiliferous, vuggy dolomite, which yields water from the rock matrix. Most of the transmissivity is associated with large fractures and solution crevices in the upper 30 feet of the bedrock; less transmissivity is associated with the deeper vuggy reef material, even where extensively fractured. Transmissivity of individual fractures and fossiliferous zones ranges from 300 to 27,000 feet squared per day. The aquifer bottom is defined by a lack of transmissive fractures and an increased shale content near the contact of the Silurian and Ordovician sections. Water-level data from the three wells indicate that flow is horizontal at well site 1 north of the Kankakee River, upward at well site 2 near the river, and downward at well site 3 south of the river. Most of the flow occurs in the upper part of the carbonate bedrock where fracturing and solution-enlarged crevices are most developed. Water levels indicate the the Kankakee River is a hydrologic boundary for the regional carbonate bedrock aquifer.     

18世纪中叶以来不同时段的中国水灾格局

以县域为基本统计单元。以年均水灾次为基本指标,以数字地图技术支持下,编制了一套信息来源不同、时段相对连续的中国水灾格局图。分析表明：中国水灾格局以胡焕庸线为界,呈现东西分异;水灾高值区呈现团块分布,与地貌格局关系密切;近百年来全国水灾中心呈现由黄淮海平原向东北、西部和南方转移的趋势;近50年来,华北成为水灾低值区,水灾由东向西形成4个梯度区。这些研究为揭示水灾格局对水灾过程影响机制的研究提供了科学依据。     

Decision Tree Algorithm for Detection of Spatial Processes in Landscape Transformation

The conversion of landscapes by human activities results in widespread changes in landscape spatial structure. Regardless of the type of land conversion, there appears to be a limited number of common spatial configurations that result from such land transformation processes. Some of these configurations are considered optimal or more desirable than others. Based on pattern geometry, we define ten processes responsible for pattern change: aggregation, attrition, creation, deformation, dissection, enlargement, fragmentation, perforation, shift, and shrinkage. A novelty in this contribution is the inclusion of transformation processes causing expansion of the land cover of interest. Consequently, we propose a decision tree algorithm that enables detection of these processes, based on three parameters that have to be determined before and after the transformation of the landscape: area, perimeter length, and number of patches of the focal landscape class. As an example, the decision tree algorithm is applied to determine the transformation processes of three divergent land cover change scenarios: deciduous woodland degradation in Cadiz Township (Wisconsin, USA) 1831–1950, canopy gap formation in a terra firme rain forest at the Tiputini Biodiversity Station (Amazonian Ecuador) 1997–1998, and forest regrowth in Petersham Township (Massachusetts, USA) 1830–1985. The examples signal the importance of the temporal resolution of the data, since long-term pattern conversions can be subdivided in stadia in which particular pattern components are altered by specific transformation processes.