Characteristics of volatile organic compounds, NO2, and effects on ozone formation at a site with high ozone level in Chengdu

Chengdu is a megacity in the southwest of China with high ozone (O₃) mixing ratio. Observation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), NO₂ and O₃ with high temporal resolution was conducted in Chengdu to investigate the chemical processes and causes of high O₃ levels. The hourly mixing ratios of VOCs, NO₂, and O₃ were monitored by an online system from 28 August to 7 October, 2016. According to meteorological conditions, Chengdu, with relative warm weather and low wind speed, is favorable to O₃ formation. Part of the O₃ in Chengdu may be transported from the downtown area. In O₃ episodes, the average mixing ratios of NO₂ and O₃ were 20.20?ppbv and 47.95?ppbv, respectively. In non-O₃ episodes, the average mixing ratios of NO₂ and O₃ were 16.38?ppbv and 35.15?ppbv, respectively. The average mixing ratio of total VOCs (TVOCs) was 40.29?ppbv in non-O₃ episodes, which was lower than that in O₃ episodes (53.19?ppbv). Alkenes comprised 51.7% of the total O₃ formation potential (OFP) in Chengdu, followed by aromatics which accounted for 24.2%. Ethylene, trans-pentene, propene, and BTEX (benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, m/p-xylene, o-xylene) were also major contributors to the OFP in Chengdu. In O₃ episodes, intensive secondary formations were observed during the campaign. Oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs), such as acetone, Methylethylketone (MEK), and Methylvinylketone (MVK) were abundant. Isoprene rapidly converted to MVK and Methacrolein (MACR) during O₃ episodes. Acetone was mainly the oxidant of C3-C5 hydrocarbons.     

Air pollution characteristics and their relationship with emissions and meteorology in the Yangtze River Delta region during 2014–2016

With rapid economic growth and urbanization, the Yangtze River Delta(YRD) region in China has experienced serious air pollution challenges. In this study, we analyzed the air pollution characteristics and their relationship with emissions and meteorology in the YRD region during 2014–2016. In recent years, the concentrations of all air pollutants, except O_3,decreased. Spatially, the PM_(2.5), PM_(10), SO_2, and CO concentrations were higher in the northern YRD region, and NO_2 and O_3 were higher in the central YRD region. Based on the number of non-attainment days(i.e., days with air quality index greater than 100), PM_(2.5) was the largest contributor to air pollution in the YRD region, followed by O_3, PM_(10), and NO_2.However, particulate matter pollution has declined gradually, while O_3 pollution worsened.Meteorological conditions mainly influenced day-to-day variations in pollutant concentrations. PM_(2.5) concentration was inversely related to wind speed, while O_3 concentration was positively correlated with temperature and negatively correlated with relative humidity.The air quality improvement in recent years was mainly attributed to emission reductions.During 2014–2016, PM_(2.5), PM_(10), SO_2, NO_x, CO, NH_3, and volatile organic compound(VOC)emissions in the YRD region were reduced by 26.3%, 29.2%, 32.4%, 8.1%, 15.9%, 4.5%, and0.3%, respectively. Regional transport also contributed to the air pollution. During regional haze periods, pollutants from North China and East China aggravated the pollution in the YRD region. Our findings suggest that emission reduction and regional joint prevention and control helped to improve the air quality in the YRD region.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区生态风险时空动态及其风险分区—以陕西省米脂县为例

目前,黄土丘陵沟壑区等生态脆弱区生态风险评估已成为地理学与生态学应对生态系统管理的研究热点之一。以黄土丘陵沟壑区米脂县为研究区,构建“风险概率—敏感性—损失度”（PSI）的三维评价框架,并以子流域为评价单元进行数据整合,分析了米脂县2009-2015年准则层与综合生态风险的时空分异及其重心转移,并基于风险主导因子给出米脂县风险防范分区及降险对策。结果如下：（1）2009-2015年风险概率分别为49.93%、52.92%,有上升趋势;生境敏感性分别为0.61、0.60,下降了1.6%,生境质量趋好;损失度分别为0.42、0.46,损失度增加。（2）生态风险呈现中间高南北低的空间分布;研究期间生态风险值分别为0.14、0.15,风险有所升高;风险重心向西南转移跃入银州川道且风险演化主体方向为西北—东南走向。（3）风险预警区、生态恢复区、预警恢复兼顾区、自然调控区面积占比分别为7.53%、6.57%、23.86%、62.04%。基于风险主导因子的风险防范分区可有效进行风险消解,促进区域生境的可持续。     

北京市PM2.5时空分布特征及其与PM10关系的时空变异特征

PM_(2.5)时空分布特征及其与其它污染物的相关关系是PM_(2.5)时空统计分析的主要研究内容.然而,现有的方法直接从监测站点的角度对时空分布特征进行分析,难以有效地揭示PM_(2.5)浓度的聚集分布特征;同时,常用的地理加权回归在对PM_(2.5)与其它污染物间关系进行建模的过程中,缺乏同时考虑时间异质性与空间异质性,从而不能准确地描述依赖关系的时空变异特征.为此,首先借助于空间聚类分析技术,对北京市2014年PM_(2.5)浓度的聚集结构进行探测,在此基础上,通过聚集结构来分析PM_(2.5)季节性时空分布特征.然后,利用地理时空加权回归对北京市PM_(2.5)与PM_(10)季节平均浓度间关系进行建模,依据回归结果分析PM_(2.5)-PM_(10)间关系的时空变异特征.实验结果表明,春夏季节PM_(2.5)污染程度及空间变异程度均低于秋冬季节,各季节PM_(2.5)浓度均表现为北部浓度低、南部浓度高的空间分布特征;地理时空加权回归具有更好的拟合效果,由回归系数进一步可发现,春夏季PM_(2.5)-PM_(10)相关性低于秋冬季PM_(2.5)-PM_(10)相关性;各季节均表现为西北部PM_(2.5)-PM_(10)的相关性高于东南部PM_(2.5)-PM_(10)的相关性.     

2012~2013年间北京市PM2.5中水溶性离子时空分布规律及相关性分析

2012年8月~2013年7月,在北京市包括城市背景、城区、郊区以及边界传输点在内的9个监测点位进行大气细颗粒物PM2.5样品的采集与分析,共获得486个有效样本及9种水溶性离子的质量浓度.观测期间9种水溶性离子总质量浓度为60.5μg·m-3,浓度水平高低顺序分别为NO-3SO2-4NH+-4Cl-Na+K+Ca2+F-Mg2+;其中SO2-4、NO-3和NH+4(三者简称SNA)占全部所测水溶性离子的88%;NO-3是全年波动范围最大的二次离子.对所测阴、阳离子相关性研究发现,阴、阳离子总体相关性良好,春、冬季阴、阳离子相关性要好于夏、秋季.对不同颗粒质量级别中的水溶性离子研究发现,SNA积累活跃,相对于SO2-4的积累,NO-3和NH+4在二次离子的形成过程中占据主导地位;NO-3是重污染过程累积效应比较明显且贡献相对较高的二次离子.     

山东省不同地形区降雨侵蚀力时空变化特征

掌握降水及降雨侵蚀力的时空分布和演变特征对于揭示区域气候变化规律,有效预防和科学评估水土流失等环境问题具有重要意义。基于34个气象站点1961—2015年的降水日值数据,采用降雨侵蚀力计算模型、Mann-Kendall检验、小波分析和Kriging空间插值等研究方法,分析研究了山东省内山地、丘陵和平原等不同地形区的降水和降雨侵蚀力时空变化特征。结果显示：近55年间,全省及各地形区的降水量和降雨侵蚀力均呈波动下降趋势,年内分配均集中在夏季,降雨侵蚀力在时间尺度上存在25年左右的变化周期。空间上,降水和降雨侵蚀力均呈现鲁中南山区＞胶东半岛丘陵区＞鲁西北平原区;分界线由东北至西南沿福山—莱阳—淄博—定陶等站呈“S”型贯穿山东省,界线东南侧降雨侵蚀力高,西北侧降雨侵蚀力较低。其原因主要是受海拔和地形的影响,东南季风携带湿润气流受胶东半岛丘陵及鲁中南山地的阻挡抬升,致使“S”型分界线东南侧迎风面降水及降雨强度相对较高;西北侧背风面形成焚风效应,降水及降雨侵蚀强度较低。该结果可为山东省水土流失空间特征分析奠定数据基础,同时为区域水土资源利用与调控及生态环境保护与改善提供决策支撑。     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.     

Comparison of temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Ozone Pollution at Ground Level in the Eastern China

Monitoring data from ozone（O3） automatic stations in three typical cities with different climatic areas in the southern and northern parts of eastern China are used to analyze temporal and spatial characteristics of ozone pollution at ground level. The results show that ozone pollution level has distinct regional differences and the concentration in the suburbs is higher than that in the urban areas. The seasonal variation of ozone concentration in different climatic areas is greatly affected by the variation of precipitation. Ozone concentration in Shenyang and Beijing , in the temperate zone, has one perennial peak concentration, occurring in early summer, May or June. Ozone concentration in Guangzhou, in sub-tropical zone, has two peak values year round. The highest values occur in October and the secondary high value in June. The ozone season in the south is longer than that in the north. The annual average daily peak value of ozone concentrations in different climates usually occur around 3 pm. The diurnal variation range of ozone concentration declines with the increase of latitude. Ozone concentration does not elevate with the increase of traffic flow. Ozone concentration in Guangzhou has a distinct reverse relation to CO and NOx. This complicated non-linearity indicates that the equilibrium of ozone photochemical reaction has regional differences. Exceeding the rate of Beijing＇s lh ozone concentration is higher than that of Guangzhou, whereas the average 8h ozone level is lower than that of Guangzhou, indicating that areas in low latitude are more easily affected by moderate ozone concentrations and longer exposure. Thus, China should work out standards for 8h ozone concentration.     

A case study of spatial variation and enrichment of selected elements in ambient particulate matter around a large coal-fired power station in Central India

The dominant use of coal in power sectors has been associated with adverse environmental impacts. Ambient air monitoring for the two size fractions of particulate matter, respirable suspended particulate matter (RSPM) and non-respirable suspended particulate matter (NRSPM) in the downwind and upwind directions of a large coal-fired power station in central India, was carried out. Collected samples of ambient particulate matter were analysed atomic absorption spectrophotometrically for 15 elements. Spatial variability in elemental composition of RSPM and NRSPM and the degree of enrichment of these toxic metals in RSPM were investigated. A significant spatial variability for the elements in RSPM and NRSPM and higher degrees of enrichment of the elements were observed.