南极冰盖冻融的时空分析

采用改进的小波变换的南极冰盖冻融探测算法,利用微波辐射计1978~2013年的SMMR和SSM/I数据对南极冰盖冻融状况进行监测,分析了南极冰盖近34年的整体冻融时空变化特征,结果表明:从空间分布来看,南极冰盖的融化区域主要分布在南极边缘的各个冰架区,融化强度受地物覆盖类型、地理位置和海拔等因素的影响;从时间分布上来看,南极冰盖的融化面积年际变化较大,1991年的融化面积最大,为1518750km2,1999年融化面积最小,为565000km2,且融化面积的年际变化具有周期性;南极冰盖的融化具有很强的季节性,融化一般集中在11月至次年2月,在1月达到融化顶峰.     

埋地油气管道沿线土壤腐蚀性可拓评价研究

油气管道长期埋设在土壤环境中会受到各种侵蚀介质的腐蚀并引发泄漏、火灾、爆炸等事故。针对土壤腐蚀因素复杂多变的特点,建立基于物元、可拓集合和关联函数的埋地油气管道沿线土壤腐蚀性评价模型;选取土壤电阻率、自然电位、氧化还原电位、pH值、含水率、Cl-含量、SO42-含量7个评价指标,将土壤对油气管道腐蚀的严重程度划分为低、较低、中、强和较强5个等级;采用客观赋权的变异系数法（CV法）来确定土壤腐蚀性评价指标的权重,避免了以往评价方法的主观性,进一步提高模型的精度和效率。以某埋地天然气管道5个管段土壤为例,可拓评价结果表明4#土壤的腐蚀性较强,其他土壤腐蚀性中等,这与外腐蚀检测结果吻合,证明所想出的模型简便、高效、精确,具有很好的科学性和工程应用性。     

基于农业面源污染的三峡库区重庆段水质时空格局演变特征

农业面源污染已成为我国河流污染的主要来源。三峡库区是典型的生态脆弱区,水资源安全已越来越受到关注。以三峡库区重庆段21个区县为实例,在区县级尺度上,研究了2005-2011年农业面源污染化学需氧量（COD）、生化需氧量（BOD5）、全氮（TN）、全磷（TP）所导致的水质的变化。并借助地统计学中的空间插值方法,对30个水质监测站点的数据进行插值分析,最后利用内梅罗综合水质指数,通过核算和实测的数据来研究三峡库区重庆段水质的时空变化。结果表明：1）从库区平均水质浓度分析得出,2005、2008、2011年3个时间断面的TN、TP的浓度已经超过地表水环境质量三级标准。2）从核算数据所反映的水质综合指数的时空特征来看,2005、2008、2011年水质综合指数分别为2.48、2.51、2.88,均处于中度污染状态,而2011年甚至逼近严重污染状态。在空间分布上,三峡库区重庆段库中和库区腹地的区县整体的水质状况在下降,而位于库尾的核心都市区水质状况则有所提升。3）从监测数据所反映的水质综合指数的时空特征来看,2005、2008、2011年水质综合指数分别为1.26、1.38、2.14,2005和2008年属于轻污染状态,而2011年则为中度污染状态。在空间分布上,和核算数据的空间分布呈现出相似的地方。4）通过河流水体断面的监测数据与理论核算数据的对比看出,两者呈现出较好的吻合度。     

调水过程中城市内河含氮污染物负荷变化规律研究

针对我国城市内河污染日益严重的问题,以巢湖市老城区环城河为研究对象,拟定调水方案,进行调水试验。依据沿河水文水质情况,布设6个实时水质监测点,并将环城河概化为5个河段。应用测得的水文水质数据对各河段不同时间点的含氮污染物负荷进行估算,初步研究了各河段NH3-N、TN负荷量的变化规律。通过对比上下游各河段含氮污染物负荷去除效果,分析调水效果的影响因素,总结个别河段调水效果不佳的原因,提出4条优化意见。并结合实际情况,选取其中可行性较强的1条对其有效性进行实验验证。     

煤矿井下安全系统脆弱性的系统动力学仿真研究

为了深入探讨煤矿井下安全系统脆弱性的影响机理,针对煤矿井下安全环境的复杂性和特殊性,建立了煤矿井下安全系统脆弱性的系统动力学仿真模型,采用变异系数法确定各影响因素的权重系数,通过文献调研和问卷调查,完成了煤矿井下安全系统脆弱性仿真。结果表明:设备系统对安全系统暴露度效果最显著;环境系统对安全系统敏感度效果最显著;员工系统和管理系统对安全系统适应度效果最显著。为了有效提升煤矿井下安全系统水平,煤矿企业需要通过改进设备系统（尤其是员工安全保障品）来降低安全系统暴露度,通过完善环境管理（尤其是尘毒治理情况）来降低安全系统敏感度,通过加强员工系统和管理系统（尤其是员工违规操作和安全监督检查）来提升安全系统适应度。     

中国城市建设用地的动态变化态势与调控

城市建设用地总量及其用地结构动态变化的合理性是衡量一个国家和地区城镇化进程是否健康、城镇化发展质量是否高效的晴雨表。1981—2014年间的35 a来,中国城市建设用地在数量、人均面积和用地扩张弹性系数上均发生了巨大变化,城市建设用地增加了6.44倍,年均净增1 311 km²;人均城市建设用地增加了2.78倍,年均净增2.37 m²;城市建设用地扩张速度明显高于人口增长速度,且呈现出大快大慢的波浪状起伏变化态势。城市建设用地结构总体处在稳定变化的合理区间,东部地区各类城市建设用地总量占全国50%以上,近年呈微降趋势;大中小城市建设用地比例基本保持在50%∶20%∶30%的区间。近35 a来中国城市建设用地扩张存在的主要问题表现为城市建设用地无序蔓延问题严重,人均建设用地居高不下;城市建设用地结构不尽协调,降低了城市用地集约利用效率;城镇化和经济增长过于依赖建设用地,短期难以扭转;新城新区建设过多过大,加剧了城市建设用地的过度扩张。未来中国城市建设用地调控中,要综合防范城市用地无序扩张蔓延,提高土地集约利用水平;优化城市建设用地结构和功能,实现城市精明集约增长;因地因城因类地制订出差别化的建设用地调控措施;进一步科学引导我国新城新区的适度理性建设。     

中国西南地区时雨量分布特征与时月变化

利用2005-2017年夏半年国家大监站的逐小时降水量资料,14个要素被设计来进行多角度分析。多数要素与地形高度有良好的负相关关系。时段雨量最大值主要集中地是四川盆地西部,其次是贵州南部,云南南部边缘地带有少许站点,云贵高原主体及其与青藏高原交接带内没有最大值出现。多个要素在9到12时出现日变化最高峰。月际变化一般在7月出现最大值。随月份推进,强降水区会在贵州西南部、云南南部边缘出现后,跳跃到川渝地区出现。时段累积雨量最大值随时间增加而增加,多个要素的时间增加一倍时雨量增大10%到20%。以小时而言,西南地区降水几率平均为1/10,最多的可以达到1/4,最少的不到1/14。6月份降水时数最多,10月的雨时数仅次于6月,4月最少。连续时段与标准日界时段雨量的显著差异出现在川渝地区;白天12 h降水与夜间12 h降水的显著差异也出现在川渝地区。总体而言,连续时段的累积雨量大于标准日界的相同时间长度的累积雨量,白天降水量大于夜间降水量。     

The effect of Oja-titun market effluent on the chemical quality of receiving OPA reservoir in Ile-Ife, Nigeria

The effect of market effluent from the Oja-titun market in Ile-Ife, Nigeria on the chemical quality of the Opa Reservoir located 3.5 km downstream was investigated between February and November 2000. Water samples were collected in February, May, August and November from 16 sites, four along each of the market drainage channels (MDC), market stream, tributary stream and the Opa River and Reservoir. The peak level of each variable-biochemical oxygen demand, temperature, total alkalinity, Na(+), K(+), Ca(2+), Mg(2+), PO(4)(3+), SO(4)(2+), Cl(-), NO(3)(-), Pb and Zn-occurred at the MDC, and decreased significantly downstream, except pH, conductivity and dissolved oxygen, which increased. Seasonal fluctuation in most variables was pronounced. Generally, there were high values in the early dry and dry seasons and low values in the rainy and early rainy seasons. Comparison of the reservoir water with international limitation standards for drinking water supply showed that the quality of the reservoir water was very low and that treatment required to achieve minimum limitation standards for drinking water would be both intensive and expensive. The study concluded that the stream borne effluent from the market impacts significantly on the chemical quality of the reservoir water although other tributaries within the Reservoir's catchment are other possible sources of pollutants in the reservoir.     

SAMPLING FREQUENCY SELECTION FOR REGULATORY WATER QUALITY MONITORING1

ABSTRACT: The selection of sampling frequencies in order to achieve reasonably small and uniform confidence interval widths about annual sample means or sample geometric means of water quality constituents is suggested as a rational approach to regulatory monitoring network design. Methods are presented for predicting confidence interval widths at specified sampling frequencies while considering both seasonal variation and serial correlation of the quality time series. Deterministic annual cycles are isolated and serial dependence structures of the autoregressive, moving average type are identified through time series analysis of historic water quality records. The methods are applied to records for five quality constituents from a nine-station network in Illinois. Confidence interval widths about annual geometric means are computed over a range of sampling frequencies appropriate in regulatory monitoring. Results are compared with those obtained when a less rigorous approach, ignoring seasonal variation and serial correlation, is used. For a monthly sampling frequency the error created by ignoring both seasonal variation and serial correlation is approximately 8 percent. Finally, a simpler technique for evaluating serial correlation effects based on the assumption of AR(1) type dependence is examined. It is suggested that values of the parameter p₁, in the AR(1) model should range from 0.75 to 0.90 for the constituents and region studied.     

RUNOFF,EROSION, AND SOLUTES IN THE LOWER TRUCKEE RIVER,NEVADA, DURING 19691

The Truckee River heads in the Sierra Nevada at Lake Tahoe, and terminates in Pyramid Lake. During the 1969 water year, flow about 9 miles upstream from the mouth (974,000 acre-ft) was almost four times the long-term average, due mainly to heavy winter rains and spring snowmelt. A short period of low-altitude rainfall produced the highest concentrations of suspended sediment, whereas a much longer subsequent period of snowmelt yielded a much greater total quantity of material. The upper 90 percent of the basin yielded about 260 acre-feet (630,000 tons) of sediment at the Nixon gage, whereas an estimated 2,800 acre-feet (6.8 million tons) was contributed by erosion of about 200 acres of river bank below the gage. Solute content at the gage ranged from 80 to 450 mg/l, dominated by calcium, sodium, and bicarbonate, plus silica in the most dilute snowmelt and chloride in the most concentrated low flows. Solute load totaled about 130,000 tons, of which the principal constituents in Pyramid Lake-sodium plus equivalent bicarbonate and chloride-amounted to almost 40,000 tons. The total solute load during a year of average flow may be 45,000-55,000 tons, including 18,000-22,000 tons of principal lake constituents.