三峡水库上空甲烷浓度时空变化及与水库甲烷通量的关系

2010年,对三峡水库水-气界面上空05m处和岸边甲烷的浓度进行全年的观测,并采用静态浮箱-气相色谱法测定水库水-气界面上的甲烷通量,研究了三峡水库上空的甲烷浓度的背景值及其与甲烷排放强度之间的关系。结果表明：三峡水库上空甲烷浓度的年平均值为2216±0224 mL/m3,岸边甲烷浓度的年平均值为2211±0206 mL/m3,两者差异不显著;除夏季时云阳上空的甲烷浓度较高外（2850 mL/m3）,其余地点上空的甲烷浓度都接近年平均值;三峡水库上空的甲烷浓度存在明显的空间差异,上游地区（云阳）上空的甲烷浓度（231±033 mL/m3）显著高于下游地区（秭归：214±013 mL/m3,巫山：220±018 mL/m3）,坝后河流（三斗坪：221±016 mL/m3）上空的甲烷浓度高于坝前秭归处,但差异不显著。这一格局与水库中甲烷通量的空间变异基本相同,即从上游到下游（云阳、巫山、秭归）江面上甲烷通量依次为0454,0260和0115 mg/（m2·h）,呈下降趋势,坝后三斗坪处的甲烷通量（0280 mg/（m2·h））显著高于坝前秭归处通量,这表明：水库的水-气界面上的甲烷排放强度是影响水库上空甲烷浓度变化的主要因素     

我国三峡库区高温天气的变化分析

根据三峡库区及其周围30个气象站1961～2010年的逐日气温资料,采用常规统计方法分析了50 a来三峡库区高温的时空变化特征。结果表明: 过去50 a,三峡库区年均高温日数为2407 d,存在23和31 a尺度的周期振荡,于1979 年发生了由多到少的突变;高温日平均最高气温为3669 ℃,具有3 a尺度的变化周期。8月的高温日数最多且高温日平均最高气温最高。20 世纪80年代高温日数与高温日平均最高气温为负距平,在21 世纪最初10 a,高温日数显著增加,高温日平均高温气温增高。三峡库区高温日数呈峡谷多,山区和丘陵少,库区北部多、南部少的分布特点。三峡库区蓄水后高温趋势变化不显著     

地裂缝活动对Q3残积古土壤物理力学性质的影响

对长安地裂缝金滹陀探槽工点Q3残积古土壤层原状样进行常规土工试验的结果显示:含水率、孔隙比相对裂缝带在其两侧均变小;密度、干密度在其两侧均变大;压缩模量在其两侧无明显变化;液限、塑限在其南侧无明显变化,而在其北侧变大;压缩模量相对裂缝带在次级地裂缝南侧变大,而在次级地裂缝北侧无明显变化;液限、塑限相对裂缝带在次级地裂缝两侧均变小.此试验结果为研究裂缝带的影响宽度提供了依据.     

乌鲁木齐市蔬菜基地土壤有效态镍的空间变异特征

以乌鲁木齐市北郊蔬菜基地为典型区甜干旱区绿洲城市郊区土壤有效态镍含量的结构特征进行分析,得出该区有效态镍的空间分布格局并揭示了引起这种分布格局的成因,结果表明：乌鲁木齐市北郊蔬菜基地有效态镍属中等变异。半方差函数模型拟合表明有效态镍含量可以用球状函数拟合,具有高度的空间自相性,有效态Ni主要受内在因子（土壤形成因子,如气候、地形、土壤类型等）控制。采用Kriging最优内插法得到了有效态镍含量的空间分布格局,呈现明显的北高南低分布规律。     

Highly organic natural media as permeable reactive barriers: TCE partitioning and anaerobic degradation profile in eucalyptus mulch and compost

The occurrence, removal efficiency and seasonal variation of 22 antibiotics, including eight fluoroquinolones, nine sulfonamides and five macrolides, were investigated in eight sewage treatment plants (STPs) in Beijing, China. A total of 14 antibiotics were detected in wastewater samples, with the maximum concentration being 3.1 μg L⁻¹ in the influent samples and 1.2 μg L⁻¹ in the effluent samples. The most frequently detected antibiotics were ofloxacin, norfloxacin, sulfadiazine, sulfamethoxazole, erythromycin and roxithromycin; of these, the concentration of ofloxacin was the highest in most of the influent and effluent samples. Eighteen antibiotics were detected in the sludge samples, with concentrations ranging from 1.0 × 10⁻¹ to 2.1 × 10⁴ μg kg⁻¹. The dominant antibiotics found in the sludge samples were the fluoroquinolones, with ofloxacin having the highest concentration in all the sludge samples. The antibiotics could not be removed completely by the STPs, and the mean removal efficiency ranged from −34 to 72%. Of all the antibiotics, the fluoroquinolones were removed comparatively more efficiently, probably due to their adsorption to sludge. Seasonal variation of the antibiotics in the sludge samples was also studied. The concentrations of antibiotics in winter were higher than in spring and autumn. Since the total levels of the fluoroquinolones detected in the influent samples were lower than the predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) of 8.0 μg L⁻¹, the residues of these antibiotics would be unlikely to have adverse effects on microorganisms involved in sewage treatment processes.     

城市污水管网中水质变化特性

以管网中城市污水为研究对象,通过模拟管道的循环流动研究了水质变化特性。结果表明,在水力流动6 h的条件下,因管道沉积和管内微生物作用,城市污水中的TCOD(总有机物)去除率为10.79%,其中,沉积和生物降解作用对TCOD去除的贡献率分别为68.85%和31.15%。而管道中的氮类污染物的去除率为11.15%,管道沉积与生物降解作用各占约50%,其中生物降解引起的氮类污染物的变化主要是水中有机氮转化为NH3-N(NH3-N由35.51 mg/L升至38.38mg/L),以及反硝化作用造成的NO3-N转变(NO3-N由2.36 mg/L降至0.84 mg/L)。总磷的变化相对较小,与管道内相对稳定的缺氧环境有关。     

西安市PM2.5污染特征及其估测模型

为了研究大气中PM25污染特征以及其随时间变化规律,基于西安市2013年1月-2014年4月间SO2、NO2、CO、03、日最高温度(Tmax)、日最低温度(Tmin)、PM2.5、PM10等因素的监测数据.运用统计学原理和多元回归分析方法,分析了PM25的污染特征及相关因素对其产生的贡献度,进一步建立了四季的最优多元回归模型.研究结果表明,西安市年平均质量浓度124.9 μg/m3,四季的平均污染浓度从大到小依次为冬、春、秋、夏;春夏两季贡献较大的为SO2、CO;秋冬两季贡献较大的为NO2、CO;最终建立的模型的相关系数较高,模型很好地拟合了冬春两季PM2.5变化趋势,能较准确地反映了西安市PM2.5的污染特征,具有一定的理论和实用价值.     

Positive vs. false detection: A comparison of analytical methods and performance for analysis of cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes (cVMS) in environmental samples from remote regions

Contamination and analytical variation can significantly hinder trace analysis of cyclic methyl volatile siloxanes (cVMS); potentially resulting in the report of false positives at concentrations approaching detection limits. To assess detection and variation associated with trace cVMS analysis in environmental matrices, a co-operative laboratory comparison for the analysis of octametylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4), decamethylcylcopentasiloxane (D5), and dodecametylcyclohexasiloxane (D6) in sediment and biota from the Svalbard Archipelago was conducted. Two definitions of detection limits were evaluated in this study; method detection limits (MDL, matrix defined) and limits of detection (LOD, solvent defined). D5 was the only cVMS detected above both LOD (0.08–0.81 ng g⁻¹ ww) and MDL (0.47–2.36 ng g⁻¹ ww) within sediment by all laboratories where concentrations ranged from 0.55 to 3.91 ng g⁻¹ ww. The percentage of positive detects for D5 decreased by 80% when MDL was defined as the detection limit. D5 was also detected at the highest frequency among all laboratories in fish liver with concentrations ranging from 0.72 to 345 ng g⁻¹ ww. Similar to sediment, percentage of positive detects for D5 decreased by 60% across all laboratories for fish livers when using MDL (0.68–3.49 ng g⁻¹ ww). Similar observations were seen with both D4 and D6, indicating that sample matrix significantly contributes to analytical response variation. Despite differences in analytical methods used between laboratories, good agreement was obtained when using MDL to define detection limits. This study shows the importance of incorporating variation introduced by sample matrices into detection limit calculations to insure data accuracy of cVMS at low concentrations.     

水葫芦与厨余垃圾混合好氧堆肥中氮素变化及对腐熟度的影响

通过采用间歇式好氧动态堆肥工艺,对厨余垃圾与添加水葫芦的厨余垃圾进行堆肥实验,探讨堆肥进程中全氮、氨基酸态氮、蛋白质的变化及对腐熟度的影响。结果表明,全氮含量在堆肥后期有所提高,分别由1.76%和2.23%提高到3.64%和2.67%;氨基酸态氮含量与微生物活性显著负相关;添加水葫芦使堆体温度提高,促进了蛋白质的快速降解;堆肥中N素是影响种子发芽的主要因素;添加水葫芦能够促进堆肥的腐熟。     

Crown condition dynamics of oak in southern Sweden 1988’999

Crown defoliation of oak (Quercus robur and Q. petraea) was analysed in 808 trees during three forest condition surveys (1988, 1993, and 1999) in the southern Sweden. From 1988 to 1999 crown defoliation increased by more than 20%. Changes in crown defoliation were related to the pH in the upper 20–30 cm of the mineral soils, which was closely connected to other measures of soil fertility (cation exchange capacity, CEC and C/N ratio). Trees growing on soils with a high pH (≥4.00, in BaCl₂ filtrate), high CEC and low C/N ratio had significantly lower crown defoliation than trees growing on more acid soils (pH <4.00), indicating that less favourable soil conditions may further enhance oak decline. Age did not differentiate trees with respect to crown defoliation, indicating that decline in crown condition was not due to an age-related increase in crown transparency. Considering only trees younger than 100 years, a significant interaction was observed between changes in crown defoliation and soil pH. Trees younger than 100 years old growing on more acidic soils had a greater increase in crown transparency than trees on more basic soils between 1988 and 1999. Trees ≥100 years old had significantly higher defoliation on more acidic than on more basic soils, however defoliation dynamics of these trees over 1988–99 was not related to soil acidity. Two biotic agents (insect and fungal leaf infections) evaluated in this study did not prove to be important drivers of defoliation dynamics.