Changes in quality of groundwater with seasonal fluctuations: an example from Ghor Sari area, southern Dead Sea coastal aquifers, Jordan

The demand for water resources in the area south of the Dead Sea due to continued development, especially at the Arab Potash Company (APC) for production and domestic purposes necessitates that water quality in the area be monitored and evaluated based on     

近50多年青海玉树冻土变化特征分析

利用青海玉树县从建站至2009年的冻土观测资料,分析了玉树土壤年最大冻结深度,冻结初、终日,无冻土期变化特征。结果表明：近50多a,玉树县土壤冻结具有明显的季节变化特征,冻结主要出现在10月~翌年4月;6月中旬~9月上旬为无冻土安全期;多年平均无冻土期173 d,80%保证率下的无冻土期为147 d（不足5个月）;玉树土壤年最大冻结深度没有明显的变化趋势,仅呈阶段性变化特征。0~5 cm土壤冻结初、终日没有明显变化趋势,10~30 cm深度土壤冻结初日呈变早、终日呈推迟的趋势。而近50 a玉树冬季平均气温、平均最低气温及年极端最低气温均呈显著上升趋势。由此说明对季节性冻土区的玉树而言,气候变暖并不一定意味着其年最大冻结深度变薄、表层土壤冻结初日推迟、终日提早,土壤冻结深度的变化除与温度有关外可能还受其他要素的影响。该结论与我国部分学者对青藏高原南部冻土研究结论一致     

Seasonal variations of hydroxylated and methoxylated brominated diphenyl ethers in blue mussels from the Baltic Sea

Hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs) and methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (MeO-PBDEs) found at high levels in the Baltic biota are mainly natural products, but can also be formed through metabolism or abiotic oxidation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). The formation of OH-PBDEs is of concern since there is growing evidence of phenolic toxicity. This study investigates seasonal variations in levels of OH-PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs, focusing on an exposed species, the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis), sampled in the Baltic Sea in May, June, August and October of 2008. Both the OH-PBDE and MeO-PBDE levels in the mussels showed seasonal variations from May to October, the highest concentration of each congener appearing in June. The seasonal variation was more marked for OH-PBDEs than in MeO-PBDEs, but all congeners showed the same trends, except 6-MeO-BDE47 and 2′-MeO-BDE68, which did not significantly decline in concentrations after June. Biotic or abiotic debromination is suggested as a possible reason for the rapid decrease in methoxylated penta- and hexa-BDE concentrations observed in blue mussels from June to August, while the tetraBDE concentrations were stable. In addition, 1,3,7/1,3,8-tribrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins showed the same seasonal variation. The seasonal variations indicates natural formation and are unlikely to be due to transformation of anthropogenic precursors. The levels of PBDEs were fairly constant over time and considerably lower than those of the OH-PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs. The timing of the peaks in concentrations suggests that filamentous macro-algae may be important sources of these compounds found in the blue mussels from this Baltic Sea location.     

基于遥感技术的圩田时空特征分析--以皖东南及其相邻地域为例

利用陆地卫星(Landsat TM)影像与地理信息技术,结合历史地理学对皖东南及邻域圩田时空特征进行研究,发现该区圩田在空间上具有不同的图型结构特征,在时间上圩田开发具有与区域环境变化相关联的强烈阶段性特征。不同图型结构圩田具有不同功能：田字型图型结构圩田具有防御、灌溉、交通综合功能;多边形图型结构圩田具有空间扩展功能;羽状水网图型结构圩田具有对洪水的良好缓冲保护功能;直条块状图型结构圩田具有机械化作业和集约化灌溉功能。通过对圩田时代—面积进行统计分析,发现本区圩田修筑面积具有阶段性特点,形成三国、宋、近现代的3个高峰时期。本区圩田开发的主要驱动因素：①芜湖古聚落军事功能的突出与增强是实现本区开发第一次飞跃的原动力;②西晋末年开始的北方人口向南方持续迁移为本区的第二次飞跃奠定必要的基础;③宋代农业经济技术的大发展实现本区第二次飞跃;④现代社会经济技术发展促成本区的第三次飞跃。     

太湖西岸出入湖河口氮磷消减特征

河流水体污染物消减作用是降低其入湖通量的重要方式,为探明太湖河流氮磷污染物消减速率时空变化特征,研究采用自主研发的原位培养装置,开展了太湖西岸出入湖河口总氮绝对消减速率(TNR_绝)、总氮相对消减速率(TNR_相)、总磷绝对消减速率(TPR_绝)、总磷相对消减速率(TPR_相)的变化特征研究。结果表明:西北部和西部河流夏、秋季TNR_绝和TPR_绝高于春、冬季,南部河流则为秋、冬季高于春、夏季。夏季西部和西北部河流TNR_绝和TPR_绝高于南部,冬季则相反,春、秋两季空间差异不明显。颗粒态总氮(PTN)浓度及水温是TNR_绝时空差异性的主要影响因素。TP浓度是TPR_绝的季节差异性的主要原因,不同季节TPR_绝空间差异的主要影响因素不同,春、夏、秋、冬四季主要影响因素分别为p H等水体物理性质、TP浓度和SS浓度、SS浓度、TP浓度。TNR_绝和TPR绝及其初始浓度是TNR_相和TPR_相时空差异的主要原因。     

Atmospheric radon in Hong Kong

For the first time in Hong Kong, atmospheric radon concentration was continuously monitored between November 2007 and October 2008. This paper presents the results obtained during the 12-month period. The annual mean atmospheric radon concentration in Hong Kong was found to be 9.3 Bq m⁻³ which was close to the level at neighbouring places like Guangdong and Taiwan. An estimation of the dose arising from atmospheric radon to the Hong Kong population was made. The meteorological effects on the variation of atmospheric radon concentration were discussed. It was found that the origin of the airmass and stability of the local atmosphere played vital roles in the seasonal and diurnal variations respectively, whereas precipitation caused abrupt changes in rainy days. An attempt was also made to find out the contribution of atmospheric radon to the ambient gamma dose rate.     

Eutrophication of Lake Tasaul,Romania—proposals for rehabilitation

Background, aim, and scope  The reclamation of nonferrous metal-polluted soil by phytoremediation requires an overall and permanent plant cover. To select the most suitable plant species, it is necessary to study metal effects on plants over the time, thereby checking that metals remain stored in root systems and not transferred to aerial parts. In this purpose, the seasonal and annual variations of metal bioaccumulation, transfer, and phytotoxicity in Trifolium repens and Lolium perenne grown in a Cd-, Pb-, and Zn-contaminated soil were also studied. Materials and methods  The experimental site was located near a closed smelter. In spring 2004, two areas were sown with T. repens and L. perenne, respectively. Thereafter, the samplings of plant roots and shoots and surrounding soils were realized in autumn 2004 and spring and autumn 2005. The soil agronomic characteristics, the Cd, Pb, and Zn concentrations in the surrounded soils and plant organs, as well as the oxidative alterations (superoxide dismutase [SOD], malondialdehyde [MDA], and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine [8-OHdG]) in plant organs were carried out. Results  Whatever the sampling period, metal concentrations in soils and plants were higher than background values. Contrary to the soils, the fluctuations of metal concentrations were observed in plant organs over the time. Bioaccumulation and transfer factors confirmed that metals were preferentially accumulated in the roots as follows: Cd>Zn>Pb, and their transfer to shoots was limited. Foliar metal deposition was also observed. The results showed that there were seasonal and annual variations of metal accumulation in the two studied plant species. These variations differed according to the organs and followed nearly the same pattern for the two species. Oxidative alterations were observed in plant organs with regard to SOD antioxidant activities, MDA, and 8-OHdG concentrations. These alterations vary according to the temporal variations of metal concentrations. Discussion  Metal concentrations in surrounded soils and plant organs showed the effective contamination by industrial dust emissions. Metals absorbed by plants were mainly stored in the roots. With regard to this storage, the plants seemed to limit the metal transfer to their aerial parts over the time, thereby indicating their availability for metal phytostabilization. Aerial deposition was another source of plant exposure to nonferrous metals. Despite the occurrence of metal-induced oxidative alterations in plant organs, both plant species seemed to tolerate a high metal concentration in soils. Conclusions  Taken together, these results indicated that T. repens and L. perenne were able to form a plant cover on highly Cd-, Pb-, and Zn-polluted soils, to limit the metal transfer to their aerial parts and were relatively metal-tolerant. All these characteristics made them suitable for phytostabilization on metal-contaminated soils. These findings also highlighted the necessity to take into account seasonal and annual variations for a future phytomanagement. Recommendations and perspectives  In this work, the behavior of plant species grown in metal-polluted soil has been studied during 2 years. Obviously, this time is too short to ensure that metals remain accumulated in the root system and few are transferred in aerial parts over the time. It is why regular monitoring should be achieved during more than a decade after the settlement of the plant cover. This work will be completed by the study of the T. repens and L. perenne effects on mobility of metals in order to evaluate the quantities of pollutants which could be absorbed by the biota and transferred to groundwater. Bioaccessibility tests could be also realized on polluted soils in order to evaluate the phytostabilization impacts on the exposition risks for humans.     

北江上游水环境重金属污染及生态毒性的时空变化

为了解北江中上游(翁源段)翁江及横石河沿岸地区水环境中重金属污染现状及其时空变化特征,分别于2013年8月(丰水期)和2014年3月(枯水期)采集两条河流及其周边地区不同点位的地表水及地下水,分析了水体中As、Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn 6种重金属元素的含量及变化,并结合发光菌毒性测试方法对水体的生态毒性进行了评价.结果表明,横石河受重金属污染较翁江严重,丰、枯水期重金属Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb的平均浓度分别为1029.0、11086、36.200、114.00μg·L-1和444.20、8332.2、31.300、41.200μg·L-1,分别是地表水III类水质标准值的2.96、41.1、24.8、8.31倍和1.38、33.9、21.2、3.47倍;各重金属浓度最高值均出现在S1处,且该点位的水体明显呈酸性(p H=3.23),究其原因发现大宝山矿区是横石河水体重金属的主要污染源.生态毒性测试结果显示,不同时期横石河河水及沿岸地下水体对发光菌均产生了显著的毒性效应,其中,S1处水样丰、枯水期的抑制率分别高达100%和97.3%,为剧毒;而翁江仅丰水期时S12、S14处的河水水样表现出一定的低毒性.     

西南地区紫色水稻土活性碳库的季节动态

以西南大学农业部紫色土生态环境重点野外科学观测试验站试验田为研究对象,探讨了土壤有机碳(soil organiccarbon,SOC)、易氧化有机碳(readily oxidized carbon,ROC)、可溶性有机碳(dissolved organic carbon,DOC)和微生物生物量碳(microbial biomass carbon,MBC)的季节变化。结果表明,在油菜生长季,紫色水稻土SOC、ROC及MBC含量具有相似的季节变化特征,表现为在油菜生长初期和末期含量高,而在生长中期含量低;三者的含量均在生长末期达到最高,分别为16.20g.kg-1、3.58 g.kg-1及309.70 mg.kg-1.DOC含量的季节变化模态为单峰型,在植物生长中期达到最高值37.64 mg.kg-1.各活性有机碳组分的分配比例与其含量的季节变化趋势大致相同,ROC、DOC分配比例以及微生物商的季节变化范围分别为15.49%～23.93%、0.11%～0.32%和1.44%～2.06%.SOC及ROC含量主要取决于地下5 cm处温度、土壤N含量及pH值,MBC含量的主要影响因子为地下5 cm处温度、根系生物量及根系C、N含量,DOC含量主要受土壤水分含量的限制.     

巢湖表层沉积物磷的空间分布差异性研究

通过对巢湖表层沉积物磷形态、有机质及粒径分布特征分析,与沉积物总磷历史数据进行对比,结合不同形态磷的剖面变化,探讨了内源磷释放风险.结果表明,巢湖表层沉积物TP自西向东呈递减趋势,平均含量为790 mg.kg-1,比20世纪80年代平均增加了55%,其中东半湖增加211 mg.kg-1、西半湖增加386 mg.kg-1.表层沉积物磷形态含量和分布有较大差别:铁铝结合磷(NaOH-Pi)和活性有机磷(NaOH-Po)含量占TP含量的42%,分别介于55～648 mg.kg-1和27～468 mg.kg-1范围,西半湖平均含量分别为331 mg.kg-1和225 mg.kg-1显著高于东半湖(147 mg.kg-1和91 mg.kg-1,P<0.01);相对而言,钙镁结合磷(Ca-P)和惰性磷(Res-P)含量在东西部湖区没有显著差别,分别占TP含量的18%和40%.沉积物TP含量随深度减少而增加,西半湖增加量高于东半湖,各种磷形态中NaOH-Pi和NaOH-Po的垂直变化规律与TP相似,是沉积物磷增加的主要形态.西半湖高活性磷、高有机质和多砂质粉砂的特征共同作用极大增加了沉积物中磷向上覆水中释放的风险.