Linked Hydrologic and Climate Variations in British Columbia and Yukon

Climatic and hydrologic variations between the decades 1976–1985 and 1986–1995 are examined at 34 climate stations and 275 hydrology stations. The variations in climate are distributedacross a broad spatial area. Temperatures were generally warmerin the most recent decade, with many stations showing significantincreases during the spring and fall. No significant decreases intemperature were found. Significant increases in temperature weremore frequent in the south than in the northern portions of theregion. Significant changes in precipitation were also more prevalent in the south. In coastal areas, there were significantdecreases in precipitation during the dry season, and significantincreases during the wet season. In the BC interior, significantprecipitation decreases occurred during the fall, with significant increases during the winter and spring. In the norththere were few changes in precipitation. The hydrologic responsesto these variations in climate follow six distinctive patterns.The spatial distribution of these patterns suggests that indifferent ecozones, small variations in climate, particularlytemperature, elicit different hydrologic responses.     

青藏高原尼洋河流域化学风化的季节变化特征和影响因素

流域风化是理解大陆岩石化学风化对全球气候变化的反馈机制的重要途径,目前的研究集中在大河流域,小流域特别是高寒地区流域化学风化的影响因素尚不确定。本文选择岩性相对单一、人为活动干扰少的青藏高原尼洋河流域为研究对象,开展一个水文年的采样分析,阐明高寒地区流域岩石化学风化的季节变化特征及其影响因素。研究结果显示：尼洋河河水离子主要来源于碳酸盐岩风化和硅酸盐岩风化,对河水中阳离子贡献量分别达到60%和29%,风化速率分别为0.20—19.00 t?km^?2?month^?1和0.09—0.80 t?km^?2?month^?1,年平均值分别为11.90 t?km^?2?a^?1和4.38 t?km^?2?a^?1。在一个水文年内,碳酸盐岩风化明显受到季节变化的影响,而硅酸盐岩风化对季节变化的响应不明显,总体表现为雨季风化速率增加,旱季风化速率降低。地表径流是控制尼洋河流域化学风化的重要因素,径流增大,促进碳酸盐岩和硅酸盐岩风化,但岩石的溶解动力特征会限制径流对风化速率的促进作用。碳酸盐岩溶解速率大,径流增大能持续有效促进碳酸盐岩风化;而硅酸盐岩溶解速率小,随着径流量增大,风化速率增速降低。温度升高能有效促进尼洋河流域的岩石风化,提高岩石矿物的溶解速率。温度也能通过影响径流变化,间接影响流域的风化。位于高寒地区的尼洋河流域气候因素之间相互影响,也影响着物理风化和化学风化。为此,在高寒地区流域展开监测周期更长、采样密度更高的工作,将有助于更好地理解气候因素对风化作用的影响规律。     

永定河上游主要河流地表水水质时空变化特征

2022年冬奥会水质安全保障是目前永定河上游水环境保护的重要工作。通过对2013—2017年永定河上游张家口地区河流水质的长期监测,研究永定河上游张家口地区主要河流地表水水质时空变化及其主要污染物年通量。结果表明：（1）2017年永定河上游张家口地区洋河上游水质清洁,中下游水质中度污染;清水河上游水质清洁,下游水质轻度污染;桑干河水质清洁。（2）不同河流水质年际变化差异明显。其中,洋河上游年际变化较小,中下游水质趋于恶化;清水河和桑干河水质波动较小;全流域五年综合污染指数为0.82,对应水质级别为轻污染。（3）洋河和清水河水质季节变化明显,而桑干河水质季节变化不明显。洋河夏季水质较差,清水河上游春季水质劣于夏秋季。总磷和氟化物是永定河上游主要污染物,洋河是污染物主要贡献源,其中总磷贡献率为74%,氟化物贡献率为61%;且总磷是水污染主要的限制因子,一旦污染,治理十分困难,因此应引起相关部门的高度重视。     

基于水化学和氢氧同位素的东宫河流域不同水体转化关系研究

为明晰秦皇岛东宫河流域水环境特征,以该流域大气降水、地下水及地表水为研究对象,通过对水化学和氢氧稳定同位素样品测试及特征分析,揭示其时空变化特征及大气降水、地下水和地表水的相互转化关系.结果表明:①东宫河流域地下水（第四系孔隙水、岩溶水、裂隙水）和地表水（河水、泉水）的水化学类型,枯水期较丰水期丰富.丰水期水化学类型主要以HCO₃-Ca型、HCO₃·SO₄-Ca型和HCO₃-Ca·Mg型为主;枯水期水化学类型以HCO₃-Ca型、HCO₃-Ca·Mg型、HCO₃·SO₄-Ca型、HCO₃·SO₄-Ca·Mg型为主.②研究区第四系孔隙水和泉水的离子含量变化受季节影响较大,枯水期离子含量变化较丰水期显著;岩溶水和裂隙水各离子含量变幅较小,基本趋于稳定.岩溶含水层和裂隙含水层中富含石膏,为SO₄2-的主要来源;Na+和Cl-主要来源于易溶解盐NaCl,Ca2+和Mg2+主要来源于方解石的风化溶解.③东宫河流域地下水、地表水及大气降水之间存在密切的水力联系,针对氢氧同位素的组成分析表明,大气降水为地下水和河水的主要来源;不同泉水补给来源存在差异性,泉水主要接受岩溶水补给,同时也受蒸发作用影响;第四系孔隙水接受大气降水和河水的双重补给;裂隙水主要接受山区降水径流补给.研究显示,东宫河流域不同水体中离子含量受降雨量、温度和地质背景等影响,不同水体间联系密切,相互补给排泄.      

基于源汇过程模拟的鄱阳湖流域总磷污染源解析

近年来鄱阳湖磷污染问题突出,总磷超标且浓度逐年增加,成为制约鄱阳湖流域（江西）经济社会可持续发展的重要因素.为科学解析鄱阳湖总磷污染来源,耦合多污染源污染负荷估算方法和SPARROW模型,建立基于源汇过程模拟的流域污染源解析技术方法,针对鄱阳湖流域13种总磷污染源开展负荷估算、模拟校核和入湖时空贡献定量解析.结果表明:①鄱阳湖总磷负荷以陆域输入为主（占90.8%）,主要污染来源为农业和城镇生活源,贡献率分别为56.4%和30.6%;污染来源按贡献率的大小排序依次为种植业（29.3%）>城镇生活（24.6%）>畜禽养殖（17.2%）>水产养殖（9.9%）>内源释放（6.9%）>城市径流（6.0%）>农村生活（2.2%）>工业企业（1.6%）>其他源（0.46%）.②在空间贡献方面,总磷入湖负荷主要来自于滨湖区和赣江集水区,贡献率分别为33.5%和31.8%,其他集水区总磷贡献率较小（合计为25.5%）,湖体贡献率为9.2%;同时,不同子流域污染源贡献结构也存在空间差异性.③在时间贡献方面,总磷入湖负荷量呈季节性波动特征,贡献峰值多出现在6月,雨季（3—8月）陆源输入负荷占全年的70%.④所构建的基于源汇过程模拟的污染源解析模型可用于流域水污染来源成因精细化解析.研究显示,鄱阳湖总磷污染来源具有明显时空差异性,建议围绕滨湖区和赣江集水区等高贡献区域设立优先管控区,重点针对种植业、城镇生活、畜禽养殖和水产养殖源,制定磷污染源汇过程减排政策措施,以改善鄱阳湖水环境质量.      

陕西龙卷、尘卷风时空分布和日变化规律分析

本文整理分析了陕西的7次龙卷天气,重点分析了陕西尘卷风的时空变化特点和日变化规律,并与以前的一些研究成果进行了比较.     

Trends in Vegetation Degradation in Relation to Land Tenure, Rainfall, and Population Changes in Peddie District, Eastern Cape, South Africa

Spatial and temporal variations in vegetation are examined in relation to land tenure, population increase, and rainfall variation in a part of Peddie district, Eastern Cape. Sequential aerial photographs between 1938 and 1988 are analyzed to determine trends in vegetation and population change in three different land-tenure units. The areal extent at each date of four distinct vegetation categories is determined using PC ARC/INFO GIS. Long-term annual rainfall trends for the area are analyzed and juxtaposed with vegetation changes. Extensive ground-truthing exercises are carried out to verify the present condition of vegetation condition in terms of cover and species composition. Differences in land-tenure systems are discerned as the dominant factor controlling variations in vegetation degradation. The study also reveals that neither population changes nor rainfall variations can explain the observed trends in vegetation degradation. Earlier injudicious land-use practices, sustained since the turn of the last century, may provide plausible explanations for the trends and present status of vegetation degradation in the area.     

基于PMF模型的北京市PM2.5来源的时空分布特征

2012年8月至2013年7月,对北京市定陵、车公庄、东四、石景山、通州、房山、亦庄和榆垡等8个站点的大气细颗粒物PM2.5进行了12个月次的同步采样观测,并测定了其中元素碳、有机碳、水溶性离子和无机元素的浓度水平.利用PMF模型对PM2.5的来源进行解析.结果表明,北京市PM2.5的主要来源为二次源、燃煤、地面扬尘、机动车排放、工业源和建筑尘等,年均贡献率分别为42%、19%、19%、10%、6%和4%.PM2.5的来源具有显著的季节变化,春季大风天气频繁、地面扬尘源为主要来源,而夏、秋、冬季均以二次源为主,尤其是夏季二次源贡献达56%,冬季燃煤源对PM2.5的贡献显著提升为25%.污染源贡献也存在一定空间差异,冬春季燃煤源对郊区点的贡献显著高于城区点,而二次污染源具有区域性污染特征.在区域性积累型重污染日,二次源对PM2.5的贡献均占主要地位,对气态前体物NOx、SO2和VOCs等的控制对PM2.5的减少至关重要.     

龙凤山站大气CO2浓度2种筛分方法对比研究

针对黑龙江龙凤山区域本底站2009年1月~2011年12月大气CO2在线观测数据,研究基于地面风、日变化等大气本底/非本底数据筛分方法(SWDV)和稳健局部近似回归大气本底/非本底数据筛分方法(REBS)在龙凤山区域本底站的适用性.研究表明:2种筛分方法在春、秋和冬季都能很好反映龙凤山大气CO2浓度的趋势变化及局地源汇对观测CO2浓度的影响,对于高浓度的非本底数据都能够较好的识别,但在夏季使用REBS方法会影响筛分的准确性,不建议在龙凤山区域本底站使用REBS筛分方法.SWDV和REBS法筛分出的本底数据分别占总数据量的30.7%和 58.9%.2种方法均筛分为本底浓度和非本底浓度的数据分别占总数据量的21.5%和32.0%.二者筛分的本底季平均浓度在春季相差最小为(0.1±0.3)×10-6(摩尔比,下同),冬季和秋季次之,在夏季相差最大为(4.2±1.0)×10-6.典型个例分析表明,SWDV法会将白天一些受西南污染气流影响的CO2浓度误筛分为本底浓度,REBS法会将个别在静稳天气条件下受局地影响大的CO2观测值误筛分为本底浓度.夏季局地污染状况可能被植被强烈的光合作用抵消,CO2浓度变化不大,使得REBS误筛分为本底浓度,以及对于一些较低的CO2浓度值,REBS误筛分为非本底浓度,这些因素导致2种筛分方法在夏季本底浓度差别较大.     

A 14-year measurement of toxic elements in atmospheric particulates in Hong Kong from 1995 to 2008

Toxic elements in the atmosphere can enter and accumulate in the human body, seriously impacting human health. In this study, we analyzed a 14-year （1995-2008） measurement of three toxic elements （As, Cd and Cr） in PMlo in Hong Kong, China. The pollution of these toxic elements in Hong Kong was not serious. The trend analysis showed that As and Cr in PM10 increased at a statistically significant level （p〈0.05） during the 14-year period, while the Cd in PM10 did not change significantly. Typical seasonal variations were observed for all three toxic elements, largely in relation to the Asian monsoon. Hourly 10-day backward trajectories were computed and cate- gorised into four groups. The continental air masses showed much higher concentrations of the three toxic elements than the marine air masses. The abundances of As and Cd in the PM10 were much higher in the continental air masses than those in the marine air masses, while the abundances of Cr showed an opposite pattern. The trends of the three toxic elements in East China＇s air mass were consistent with those in the overall data set ofHong Kong. Examination of the toxic element data recorded at urban sites and a roadside site also indicated a large contribution of external air masses to particulate As and Cd in Hong Kong. These results suggest that the long-range transport from the mainland of China is the dominant contributor to particulate As and Cd, while both local and long-distance sources determine the particulate Cr in Hong Kong.