Seasonal variability of ambient NH3, NO, NO2 and SO2 over Delhi

We present the diurnal and seasonal variability of ambient NH3, NO, NO2 and SO2 over Delhi, India. Ambient NH3, NO and NO2 were measured continuously during winter, summer and autumn seasons using NH3- and NOx-analyzer, which operates by chemiluminescence method with a higher estimation e ciency (> 90%) than the chemical trap method (reproducibility 4.7%). Prominent diurnal, day-to-day and seasonal variations of ambient mixing ratio of NH3, NO, NO2 and SO2 were observed during the study period. Seasonal variation with higher mixing ratio in winter was observed for all measured trace gases except NO. Day-night variation of all measured trace gases observed was higher in winter in comparison with summer. Late morning increase in NO2 mixing ratio might be attributed to conversion of NO to NO2 with the interaction of O3.     

北京及其北部地区大气降尘时空分布特征

文章研究了北京及其北部邻近地区降尘量的时空分布特征和变化规律.在该区的10个采样点开展了为期一年的大气降尘收集工作,结果表明,研究区内年均降尘量为58.4g/(m2·a),最高和最低年降尘量分别位于研究区西北部的张北和东南部的滦平,其年均降尘量分别为169g/(m2·a)和15.6g/(m2·a).整个研究区的降尘主要...     

A framework for investigating the air quality variation characteristics based on the monitoring data: Case study for Beijing during 2013–2016

In this study, an analysis framework based on the regular monitoring data was proposed for investigating the annual/inter-annual air quality variation and the contributions from different factors(i.e., seasons, pollution periods and airflow directions), through a case study in Beijing from 2013 to 2016. The results showed that the annual mean concentrations(MC) of PM_(2.5), SO_2, NO_2 and CO had decreased with annual mean ratios of 7.5%, 28.6%, 4.6%and 15.5% from 2013 to 2016, respectively. Among seasons, the MC in winter contributed the largest fractions(25.8%～46.4%) to the annual MC, and the change of MC in summer contributed most to the inter-annual MC variation(IMCV) of PM_(2.5) and NO2. For different pollution periods, gradually increase of frequency of S-1(PM_(2.5), 0～ 75 μg/m~3) made S-1 become the largest contributor(28.8%) to the MC of PM_(2.5) in 2016, it had a negative contribution(-13.1%) to the IMCV of PM_(2.5); obvious decreases of frequencies of heavily polluted and severely polluted dominated(44.7% and 39.5%) the IMCV of PM_(2.5). For different airflow directions, the MC of pollutants under the south airflow had the most significant decrease(22.5%～62.5%), and those decrease contributed most to the IMCV of PM_(2.5)(143.3%),SO2(72.0%), NO_2(55.5%) and CO(190.3%); the west airflow had negative influences to the IMCV of PM_(2.5), NO_2 and CO. The framework is helpful for further analysis and utilization of the large amounts of monitoring data; and the analysis results can provide scientific supports for the formulation or adjustment of further air pollution mitigation policy.     

北京市大气中多氯联苯的污染水平和分布特征

利用XAD树脂被动采样技术和同位素稀释高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱联用法(HRGC/HRMS)研究了2012年11月至2014年1月北京地区大气中多氯联苯(PCBs)的污染现状、区域分布特征及季节性变化规律.结果表明,北京大气中19种PCBs总浓度为8.42—45.2 pg·m-3(平均值23.1 pg·m-3),各采样点全年平均毒性当量范围为0.33—3.33 fg WHO-TEQ m-3(平均值1.85 fg WHO-TEQ m-3).PCB-11浓度范围为27.9—136pg·m-3,平均值为78.2 pg·m-3.大气中的PCBs以低氯代(2—5氯代)PCBs为主.季节变化规律呈现出夏/秋季节PCBs浓度高于冬/春季节的规律;区域分布特征呈现出人口密集的城区大于背景区、工业区大于城区的规律.     

长三角城市群PM2.5时空变化和影响因素分析

为协调经济发展与环境污染之间的矛盾,实现经济社会的可持续发展.以长三角城市群为研究区,基于PM_2.5浓度和气象数据,分析PM_2.5浓度的时空变化规律,并利用小波相干（WTC）、偏小波相干（PWC）和多小波相干（MWC）,评估PM_2.5与气象因子在时频域中的多尺度耦合振荡.结果表明：①②③④⑥⑤⑦⑧⑨⑩长三角城市群PM_2.5浓度年均值由西北向东南梯度递减,高值区域空间范围逐年缩小.PM_2.5浓度季节均值与年均值的空间分布特征相似,并且具有冬季最高,夏季最低,春秋过渡的特点.② PM_2.5浓度从2015~2021年逐年下降,达标率逐年上升.PM_2.5浓度差异逐年缩小,具有动态收敛性特征.PM_2.5浓度在夏季的收敛性大于冬季.PM_2.5浓度日均值具有U型振荡特征,整个研究期间PM_2.5浓度等级为优和良的天数占比分别为49.72%和41.45%.③ PM_2.5与气象因子的相干性在不同时频域上存在差异.时频尺度不同,影响PM_2.5的主控因子也不尽相同.在所有时频尺度上,WTC结果表明风速可作为解释PM_2.5变化的最佳变量,PWC结果表明温度可作为解释PM_2.5变化的最佳变量.④时频尺度越大,多变量组合解释PM_2.5变化的相互作用越强,而温度和风速的协同作用可以更好地解释PM_2.5变化.结果可为长三角城市群空气污染防治提供参考.     

Temporal and geographical variations of mercury and selenium in eggs of Larus michahellis and Larus audouinii from central Mediterranean islands

In this study, we determined mercury and selenium levels in abandoned unhatched eggs of the yellow-legged gull (Larus michahellis) and Audouin’s gull (Larus audouinii) collected during 2004–2005 from the Tuscan archipelago and Sardinia (Italy). The different feeding habits of the two species probably determine the different uptakes of trace elements, as the study shows highly significant differences for selenium and mercury levels as well as shell thickness and Hg:Se molar ratio values. Audouin’s gulls nesting on the coasts of the Tuscan archipelago showed significantly higher selenium levels than did gulls from colonies from the islands around Sardinia. Comparisons with a similar investigation previously conducted in the same area suggested that mercury and selenium concentrations, although in line with reports in the literature, were significantly lower than levels encountered in gulls in the early 1980s. Mercury (mg/kg d.w.) dropped from 8.631 to 5.030 in Audouin’s gulls and from 2.509 to 0.828 in yellow-legged gulls. The regional decline in mercury levels following reduced use of the metal in industry and the probable food depletion effects linked to the overfishing of fish prey of these two gull species are discussed as hypotheses that could explain the decrease in mercury levels found in eggs.     

外源营养盐输入后水体中营养盐浓度的时空变化

在温室内的水泥沟渠中人工构建6种不同的植物镶嵌群落,通过人工添加营养盐的方式模拟外源营养盐输入,并持续测量单次营养盐添加后22 d内水体表层、中层和底层可溶性总氮(DTN)、可溶性总磷(DTP)、氨氮(NH+4-N)、硝氮(NO-3-N)以及亚硝氮(NO-2-N)浓度变化情况,以揭示单次外源营养盐输入后水体营养盐浓度的时空变化过程.结果表明:①不同水深和测量时间下各形态营养盐浓度有显著差别,植物群落类型对不同形态营养盐浓度影响不显著;②外源营养盐进入表层水体后扩散到中层水体的过程较为缓慢,在本实验条件下需要6 d;③实验过程中底层水体NO-2-N以外的其它营养盐浓度均无显著变化,外源营养盐输入仅影响表层和中层水体营养盐浓度;④单次外源营养盐输入一定时间后DTP和NH+4-N浓度逐渐下降到输入前水平,本实验条件下这一过程需要22 d,DTN和NO-3-N浓度则下降非常缓慢;⑤外源营养盐输入水体后不同深度水体中NO-2-N浓度均呈上升趋势,一方面说明外源营养盐输入后,水体N循环过程中的硝化作用和反硝化作用加强,另一方面也说明外源营养盐输入除危害水生生态系统健康以外更会直接危及人类自身的健康.     

准好氧填埋氮转化影响因子变化规律试验研究

依据准好氧填埋工艺原理建立了试验装置,定期监测渗滤液硝氮、氨氮、温度、pH值、氧气含量,ORP(氧化还原电位),研究准好氧填埋过程中氮转化的影响因子变化规律.结果表明,温度呈现先上升后下降再回升的变化趋势;pH值呈现出先上升再下降的变化趋势,最大值达到8.74,之后下降到7.91.填埋开始阶段,填埋层的氧气浓度缓慢下降,最低下降到3.43%,随着空气经导气管和渗滤液收集管进入填埋体,氧气浓度明显上升达到10.46%.进入填埋后期,氧气浓度再次下降,最低到1.61%.填埋试验后期,ORP均小于150 mV,最大值为123 mV,最小值为-166 mV.     

东北三省工业废水污染物排放的时空变化规律研究

采用等标污染负荷法和GIS空间分析方法,针对改革开放和产业结构大调整前后的4个典型年份,从工业污染源空间特征出发分析了东北三省工业废水污染物排放的变化趋势,并详细讨论了重点污染物排放的时空演变规律. 结果表明:东北三省工业污染源主要分布在哈大铁路和高速公路沿线以及辽宁省中部及沿海地区,且有不断集中的趋势;工业废水排放总量以及污染物排放总量都呈不断减少的趋势;东北三省主要污染物为挥发酚,COD_Cr,石油类及汞;有机污染物排放量高于无机污染物,其中挥发酚、石油类的主要排放区域变化很大,污染物排放区域转移趋势明显;COD_Cr和汞的主要排放区域变化不大,有新污染城市出现; 20年间东北三省废水排放量比例变化不大,污染物等标污染负荷排名却变化很大.      

南水北调中线水源地丹江口水库水化学特征研究

丹江口水库是南水北凋中线工程的水源地,对水库中的5个点位进行了3 a的动态监测.对水化学类型和水化学特征进行了系统分析,运用相关分析及方差分析,对水化学时间、空间分布特征进行了研究.结果表明,TDS介于149.9-291.2mg·L-1,属于弱矿化度水.总硬度(以Ca2 、Mg2 浓度和计)介于40～50 mg·L-1之间,属于极软水.HCO3-及Ca2 分别介于122.5-170.0 mg·L-1、37.1-43.2 mg·L-1,分别占主要阴、阳离子组成的77.54%～77.87%和70.66%-77.93%.按照O.A.阿列金分类法,丹江口库区水质为HCO3--Ca型水.主要离子呈现一致的空间变化,在丹江库区沿水流方向逐渐降低,至汉江库区达到最小值.水化学特征的季节及时间变化表明,主要离子的浓度在枯季比在雨季大.丹江口水库水化学特征主要由岩石风化决定,高浓度的HCO3-及Ca2 主要来源于方解石和白云岩,但是上游及库区周边人为活动对NO3-产生了一定的影响.最后,提出了流域水资源保护的建议和措施.