土壤优先流的理论研究和试验分析

在活动流场模型的基础上建立了新的溶质运移控制方程,研究了流场分形特征参数的计算方法;采用4组染色示踪试验资料,分析了活动流场模型模拟土壤水流运动和溶质运移宏观非均匀特征的适用性.模拟分析表明,活动流场模型能较准确地捕捉到土壤中的优先流特别是不稳定流的宏观运动特征;土壤存在大孔隙结构的情况下,水流和溶质将更快的迁移到深层土壤,活动流场模型模拟计算的入渗深度偏小,但大于连续性模型的模拟计算结果;当土壤中的大孔隙结构较少时,活动流场模型模拟预测的土壤含水率分布和溶质浓度分布与实测结果比较一致.     

基于eDNA技术的渭河浮游动物多样性及关键种生态位特征

环境DNA（eDNA）技术作为水生态系统生物多样性监测的新手段,能够从微观角度对生物群落结构特征进行分析.基于渭河干流eDNA浮游动物OTUs分类信息数据及水环境参数,采用多样性指数、非度量多维尺度分析、聚类分析和关联网络分析等方法,探究了浮游动物的多样性和群落结构变化特征,揭示了关键种的生态位分化及其环境适应性.结果表明,浮游动物群落在物种组成、丰度、多样性和空间异质性方面均存在显著差异（P<0.01）.Chao1指数、ACE指数、Shannon指数和Simpson指数的均值分别为22.25、22.38、2.32和0.68,下游生物多样性明显高于上游.群落中的关键种与其他物种间连接度较高,具有高节点度、中心性和模块化特征.关键种（类）的OTUs生态位宽度B_i变化范围为0.38~0.80,中生态位种类占全部关键种（类）的63%,生态位重叠程度总体较高.水环境要素与浮游动物群落结构和生态位变化密切相关,其中总氮和水温是其主要限制因子,对浮游动物群落结构变化具有重要影响.     

淮河流域农业非点源污染空间特征解析及分类控制

农业非点源污染是导致流域水质恶化的重要原因,识别流域内关键源区并加以重点控制是流域非点源污染治理的最有效手段.以淮河流域为研究对象,采用清单分析法核算了流域173个县(市、区)的畜禽养殖、农村生活、农田种植、水产养殖4种污染源化学需氧量(COD)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)排放量和排放强度.利用SPSS和GIS软件对污染排放强度进行聚类分析、敏感性评价及空间解析,解析出流域非点源污染的敏感地区、重点污染源及其空间分布特征,并依据污染源贡献大小对流域进行分类控制.结果表明,2009年淮河流域农业非点源COD、TN、TP排放量分别为206.74×104t、66.49×104t、8.74×104t;排放强度分别为7.69、2.47、0.32 t·hm-2;COD、TN、TP排放比重分别为73%、24%、3%.识别出COD、TN、TP的主要贡献污染源为畜禽养殖和农村生活;解析出淮河上游沙河、颍河、北汝河、贾鲁河以及清潩河等子流域为整个流域非点源污染的敏感区和优先控制区,畜禽养殖为流域优先控制区中的重点污染源.畜禽污染型和综合污染型分别是流域污染贡献率最高和控制难度大的污染类型.     

降水空间异质性对非点源关键源区识别面积变化的影响

针对地形起伏和降水空间差异较大的农业区非点源污染问题,基于SWAT模型评估了阿什河流域在异质性降水和均匀降水两种情景下总氮、总磷关键源区空间变化规律,统计了两种情景下识别的关键源区面积变化,并分析其与降水特征参数的关系.结果表明,降水量一定时,两种情景下识别的总氮、总磷关键源区面积变化趋势大致相同,且总磷关键源区面积不易受降水空间异质性的影响,但总氮关键源区面积却明显受到其影响.对各年份总氮和总磷关键源区面积与降水特征参数的相关分析表明,总磷关键源区面积与当年降水量呈显著正相关,而总氮关键源区面积却与前一年降水量呈显著正相关.研究结果对进一步探讨降水这一重要驱动因子的不确定性对非点源污染关键源区的影响,以及农业非点源污染的治理具有重要意义.     

O3-BAC深度处理工艺中细菌群落时空分布及动态变化规律

为弄清饮用水O₃-BAC深度处理工艺过程中细菌群落的时空分布和动态变化规律,本研究以我国南方某O₃-BAC深度处理工艺水厂为研究对象,采用NovaSeq6000高通量测序技术对夏季和冬季各工艺单元出水及滤砂和活性炭生物膜等细菌群落进行解析.结果表明,出厂水pH、浊度、COD_Mn、菌落总数等指标均满足《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749-2006)的要求.夏季细菌群落多样性明显高于冬季,活性炭生物膜的细菌群落多样性高于滤砂生物膜;混凝沉淀、臭氧化和消毒是影响细菌群落多样性的主要工艺单元.水样和生物膜样品绝对优势菌门均为变形菌门(Proteobacteria),且主要菌门组成大体相同,但细菌群落门水平相对丰度存在一定的时空差异,属水平上差异则更为明显.此外,检测到的条件致病菌属主要包括芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和分支杆菌属(Mycobacterium),且其所占核心微生物OTUs数目不受季节性影响.水温和生物可降解溶解性有机碳(BDOC)是显...     

Impacts of pollution heterogeneity on population exposure in dense urban areas using ultra-fine resolution air quality data

Traditional air quality data have a spatial resolution of 1 km or above, making it challenging to resolve detailed air pollution exposure in complex urban areas. Combining urban morphology, dynamic traffic emission, regional and local meteorology, physicochemical transformations in air quality models using big data fusion technology, an ultra-fine resolution modeling system was developed to provide air quality data down to street level. Based on one-year ultra-fine resolution data, this study investigated the effects of pollution heterogeneity on the individual and population exposure to particulate matter (PM_2.5 and PM₁₀), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), and ozone (O₃) in Hong Kong, one of the most densely populated and urbanized cities. Sharp fine-scale variabilities in air pollution were revealed within individual city blocks. Using traditional 1 km average to represent individual exposure resulted in a positively skewed deviation of up to 200% for high-end exposure individuals. Citizens were disproportionally affected by air pollution, with annual pollutant concentrations varied by factors of 2 to 5 among 452 District Council Constituency Areas (DCCAs) in Hong Kong, indicating great environmental inequities among the population. Unfavorable city planning resulted in a positive spatial coincidence between pollution and population, which increased public exposure to air pollutants by as large as 46% among districts in Hong Kong. Our results highlight the importance of ultra-fine pollutant data in quantifying the heterogeneity in pollution exposure in the dense urban area and the critical role of smart urban planning in reducing exposure inequities.     

上海城市绿地景观异质性分析

选取贯穿上海外环线内绿地景观的8条样线，借助数学的方法，研究绿地景观要素的构成、线性分布等特征，从而找出了上海城市绿地景观的异质性状况，并对今后的规划建设提出了建议。     

Spatial heterogeneity of vegetation under different grazing intensities in the Northwest Heilongjiang Steppe of China

In northern China, recent degradation of semi-arid grasslands caused by overgrazing is serious. At Green Grassland Village, west of Daqing City in Heilongjiang Province, three grasslands with different degrees of degradation were surveyed. In the survey, a new method of vegetation analysis based on the beta-binomial distribution, was adopted to describe the frequency of occurrence and spatial heterogeneity for each plant species.Chenopodium centrorubrum, Cleistogenes squarrosa and a Carex species were commonly found in the three grasslands. Non-degraded grassland with light grazing was dominated by Arundinella hirta, Filifolium sibiricium, Lespedeza hedysaroides, Potentilla verticillaris, Stipa baicalensis and Thymus serpyllum. These species belong to the erect-type or do not develop large clones under light grazing. These species can be used as indicators of a well-managed grassland in this area. On the other hand, the degraded grassland with heavy grazing was dominated by Artemisia spp. and Euphorbia humifusa var. pilosa. Artemisia spp., E. humifusa var. pilosa, Eragrostis pilosa and Setaria viridis belong to the creeping-type or develop rather large stocks or stolons under heavy utilization. These species increased the spatial heterogeneity in the degraded grassland with heavy grazing.Under degraded conditions, species diversity decreased and spatial heterogeneity of the communities tended to increase.     

校园绿地系统景观生态异质性分析与质量评价

针对南京大学浦口新校园的生态景观实际，依据景观生态异质性原理，对校园绿地系统做出了景观生态定量分析和质量评价，结果表明绿地斑块丰富度不足，景观多样性较差和绿地廊道密度不够是存在的主要生态环境问题，是导致新建校园生态质量不高的主要因子，为了有效解决这些生态问题，本文对南京大学校园绿地系统今后进行优化和改建，提出了建设性的意见和修改方案。     

Direct-push geochemical profiling for assessment of inorganic chemical heterogeneity in aquifers

Discrete-depth sampling of inorganic groundwater chemistry is essential for a variety of site characterization activities. Although the mobility and rapid sampling capabilities of direct-push techniques have led to their widespread use for evaluating the distribution of organic contaminants, complementary methods for the characterization of spatial variations in geochemical conditions have not been developed. In this study, a direct-push-based approach for high-resolution inorganic chemical profiling was developed at a site where sharp chemical contrasts and iron-reducing conditions had previously been observed. Existing multilevel samplers (MLSs) that span a fining-upward alluvial sequence were used for comparison with the direct-push profiling. Chemical profiles obtained with a conventional direct-push exposed-screen sampler differed from those obtained with an adjacent MLS because of sampler reactivity and mixing with water from previous sampling levels. The sampler was modified by replacing steel sampling components with stainless-steel and heat-treated parts, and adding an adapter that prevents mixing. Profiles obtained with the modified approach were in excellent agreement with those obtained from an adjacent MLS for all constituents and parameters monitored (Cl, NO(3), Fe, Mn, DO, ORP, specific conductance and pH). Interpretations of site redox conditions based on field-measured parameters were supported by laboratory analysis of dissolved Fe. The discrete-depth capability of this approach allows inorganic chemical variations to be described at a level of detail that has rarely been possible. When combined with the mobility afforded by direct-push rigs and on-site methods of chemical analysis, the new approach is well suited for a variety of interactive site-characterization endeavors.