Potential nitrogen enrichment of soil and surface water by atmospheric ammonia sorption in intensive livestock production areas

Elevated atmospheric NH₃ levels near intensive livestock operations can add significant N to local agroecosystems. In this study, the potential atmospheric NH₃ sorbed by soil and water was assessed over a 2-year period starting October 2000 in an intensive livestock production area in southern Alberta, Canada. Fifty-two uneven grid sampling sites were selected in the 53,905 ha study area. The sorption rate of atmospheric NH₃ was estimated weekly by exposing distilled water and air-dried soil samples to the atmosphere at the sampling sites. The increases in NH₄–N content in the samples after 1-week exposure was regarded as an index of the atmospheric NH₃ sorbed for that week. The NH₃ sorption rates were highly variable across the 52 sites, with water ranging from 4 to 125 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ with a mean of 22 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ and soil from 5 to 84 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ with a mean of 20 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. Considerable variation in NH₃–N sorption across the study area reflects the effects of size, direction (upwind or downwind) and proximity of nearby livestock operations or other NH₃ sources and operators’ activities around the sampling sites. The NH₃ sorption rate at each site also varied considerably in response to weather conditions. The high rate of NH₃ input poses a direct risk of surface water eutrophication in intensive livestock operation areas. If fertilizer recommendations are not reduced to account for NH₃ sorption by soil, excess N may also contribute to eutrophication through runoff and leaching.     

一种新型有机肥和蔬菜专用肥的施用效果

蔬菜施用一种添加了NPK增效剂的新型有机肥和蔬菜专用肥比习惯施用鸡粪有机肥和进口复合肥的增产21．9％，达极显著水平；但施用新型有机肥的不同基肥量对单造蔬菜生产的影响未达显著水平，对单造菜心产量贡献最大的基肥施用量是1233．6g／m^2。研究表明这种NPK增效剂作为肥料生产助剂具有很好的经济效应。     

A comparison of fixed-site and non-fixed-site approaches for species protection

The efficacy of simultaneously advancing two distinct conceptual designs (referred to here as fixed-site and non-fixed-site) for species conservation and protection is addressed. In the literature, numerous models can be found that typically stem from a particular design, but rarely are comparisons made between approaches. This paper presents a more integrated optimization framework that models landowner behavior and species viabilities at a landscape scale. Regional demand for resource extraction is used as the economic driver, a variant of simulated annealing is used to solve the model under different species protection approaches, and a detailed species population simulator is utilized to measure biological responses. When directly comparing the outcomes of different species protection strategies from a case study in Oregon (USA), it was found that neither approach was universally superior in terms of financial value or degree of protection for two late seral forest dependent species.     

A Nationwide Analysis of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Reservoir Performance in Meeting Operational Targets

The United States (U.S.) Army Corps of Engineers operates reservoirs across the U.S. with 89% of reservoirs constructed prior to 1980. Many reservoirs have experienced changes in environmental conditions (e.g., climate and sediment yield) and societal conditions (e.g., water/energy demand and ecological flows) since construction. These changes may challenge the potential for reservoirs to meet their operational targets (OTs) (management goals). Historic daily reservoir data and OTs were collected for 233 reservoirs. Analyses were developed to identify when and where reservoirs may be systematically departing from OTs in terms of the frequency and magnitude of departure. Fifty‐six percent of reservoirs consistently met operating targets, 30% were borderline, and 13% experienced frequent and large magnitude departures. Fifty‐two percent of reservoirs with large departures were due to shortages and were located in the South Pacific and Southwestern divisions. This work provides a framework to identify reservoir performance in relation to management goals, a necessary step for moving toward adaptive management under changing conditions. All individual reservoir analyses are provided via an interactive data visualization tool: https://nicholasinstitute.duke.edu/reservoir-data .     

特种设备安全监察的社会承受力分析

特种设备是保证安全生产和人们生活质量的重要因素。特种设备安全越来越受到人们的关注,其安全监察力度直接影响到设备的安全,进一步说,它影响到了安全生产和人们的生活。鉴于特种设备安全监察的重要性,对其社会承受力进行分析是相当有必要的。基于统计数据,对特种设备从业人员的承受力、公众的承受力及承受力的区域性展开研究分析,得知特种设备安全监察的社会承受力有所降低,且存在一定的区域性。     

生物法废气净化专用微生物菌种及其作用

用气相培育驯化法培养获得废气净化专用菌种,由其挂膜制作的生物膜填料塔对废气中甲苯进行净化,实验结果表明,气相培养法所得菌种对甲苯的净化性能明显优于液相培养法所得菌种.生物膜通过吸附-生物降解作用过程净化气相中的甲苯,使针对挥发性有机废气生物净化过程提出的吸附-生物膜动力学理论的依据得到了验证.     

Loss Rates from Lake Powell and Their Impact on Management of the Colorado River

As demand for water in the southwestern United States increases and climate change potentially decreases the natural flows in the Colorado River system, there will be increased need to optimize the water supply. Lake Powell is a large reservoir with potentially high loss rates to bank storage and evaporation. Bank storage is estimated as a residual in the reservoir water balance. Estimates of local inflow contribute uncertainty to estimates of bank storage. Regression analyses of local inflow with gaged tributaries have improved the estimate of local inflow. Using a stochastic estimate of local inflow based on the standard error of the regression estimator and of gross evaporation based on observed variability at Lake Mead, a reservoir water balance was used to estimate that more than 14.8 billion cubic meters (Gm³) has been stored in the banks, with a 90% probability that the value is actually between 11.8 and 18.5 Gm³. Groundwater models developed by others, observed groundwater levels, and simple transmissivity calculations confirm these bank storage estimates. Assuming a constant bank storage fraction for simulations of the future may cause managers to underestimate the actual losses from the reservoir. Updated management regimes which account more accurately for bank storage and evaporation could save water that will otherwise be lost to the banks or evaporation.     

优势菌处理高浓度苯胺工业废水的研究

本文叙述了从自然界分离选育出能降解苯胺的优势菌种，经人工驯化，构建出具有高效降解性能的微生物体系的试验过程，研究确立了优势菌———活性污泥组合技术工艺，并成功地将其用于含苯胺类工业废水的处理。     

基于可靠性为中心的航空保障系统特种装置维修决策研究

目的研究航空保障系统维修决策。方法通过对俄罗斯航母航空保障系统特种装置主要功能和系统组成的分析,探索特种装置维修技术保障特点,并以可靠性为中心的维修理论,研究航空保障特种装置重要功能部件,分析其故障模式及产生原因。结果通过RCM进行逻辑决断,确定了航空保障特种装置预防性维修工作类型、维修等级和维修间隔期等。结论 RCM可有效应用于航空保障特种装置维修分析中,为机关决策提供理论参考。     

特种设备模糊神经网络安全评价研究

根据特种设备的特点,提出了包含其各生命周期的安全评价指标体系,建立了模糊安全评价的评价因素及其权重,建立了评价模型.应用BP神经网络,建立了特种设备安全评价的模糊神经网络模型,通过神经网络的多次学习训练,评价因素权重得到优化.开发了特种设备模糊神经安全评价系统,以塔机为例对评价因素权重进行了优化.