富里酸和胡敏酸对水铁矿转化过程中铁氧化物上铜释放动力学特性的影响

在受重金属污染的土壤中,天然有机质（NOM）和重金属通常会同时参与铁氧化物的转化.但关于这一重要的环境反应过程中重金属释放动力学的研究目前还比较少.为阐明NOM对铁氧化物转化过程中Cu释放行为的影响,本研究使用两种代表性NOM：富里酸（FA）和胡敏酸（HA）,开展了二者存在下的"铁氧化物-重金属-NOM"转化研究,并对转化不同时间点的铁氧化物进行了Cu释放动力学实验.动力学实验中采用了一个流动搅拌装置模拟pH=5.5环境条件下Cu的释放过程.结果表明,Cu的释放量随着铁氧化物的转化而降低,NOM的存在增加了Cu在流动搅拌实验中的释放量.球差校正扫描透射电子显微镜（Cs-STEM）结果显示,铜可以掺入铁氧化物纳米颗粒中,可以有效固定Cu,而FA和HA处理均产生了具有疏松结构的椭球形颗粒,为Cu的吸附提供了丰富的位点.这种疏松的结构导致了更多吸附态Cu的存在,阻碍了铜的掺入,与Cu释放结果一致.因此,Cu释放能力的差异性主要是铁氧化物老化的结果,与Cu和NOM的络合关系不大.这项研究的结果将有助于更好地理解在NOM存在下铁氧化物转化过程中Cu的环境行为,同时在纳米尺度上阐明Cu和C与赤铁矿相互作用的机理.     

三峡库区淹没区土壤重金属形态分布及其对水质影响

结合三峡水库调度模式,在汛期及汛后对库区淹没区土壤中重金属Cu,Pb,Cd,Cr的存在形态、迁移转化特征及其对水体水质的影响进行研究.结果表明:不同重金属在库区土壤中存在形态不同,Cu和Cr主要以残渣态存在,w(残渣态Cu)和w(残渣态Cr)平均值为87.41%和96.04%,而w(可提取态Pb)和w(可提取态Cd)较高,平均值为41.95%和88.14%,生态风险相对高于Cu和Cr.在汛期三峡水库低水位运行,水体重金属含量较高,汛期水体ρ(Pb)和ρ(Cd)分布特征与土壤w(Pb)和w(Cd)分布呈显著相关性,而汛后水库首次172 m高水位蓄水,由于水环境因素的改变,水体中重金属含量显著降低,汛后淹没土壤重金属形态含量变化细微,土壤淹没对库区水体水质影响小,不构成汛期、汛后水体重金属含量波动的主因.      

A stage-structured, Aedes albopictus population model

Aedes albopictus has been the fastest spreading invasive animal species in the world from the mid-1980s until the mid-2000s. In areas it infests, it disrupts native mosquito ecology and can potentially vector up to 21 viruses. To better understand the population dynamics of this species, we created a temperature dependent population model. A stage-structured model was chosen to allow each life-stage to have different temperature dependent mortality and development rates, and each stage was modeled with an ordinary differential equation. Model parameters and distributions were based upon literature values. Initially, a basic model was constructed. This model then had parameters that were forced based upon daily average temperatures. Several criteria were used to evaluate the model, including a comparison to field data from Lubbock, TX. In a stochastic version of the model, a 95% confidence limit contained 70.7% of the field data points. Based upon these results, we feel reasonably confident that we have captured the role of temperature in driving the population dynamics of Ae. albopictus.     

Biodiversity Differences between Managed and Unmanaged Forests: Meta-Analysis of Species Richness in Europe

Abstract: Past and present pressures on forest resources have led to a drastic decrease in the surface area of unmanaged forests in Europe. Changes in forest structure, composition, and dynamics inevitably lead to changes in the biodiversity of forest‐dwelling species. The possible biodiversity gains and losses due to forest management (i.e., anthropogenic pressures related to direct forest resource use), however, have never been assessed at a pan‐European scale. We used meta‐analysis to review 49 published papers containing 120 individual comparisons of species richness between unmanaged and managed forests throughout Europe. We explored the response of different taxonomic groups and the variability of their response with respect to time since abandonment and intensity of forest management. Species richness was slightly higher in unmanaged than in managed forests. Species dependent on forest cover continuity, deadwood, and large trees (bryophytes, lichens, fungi, saproxylic beetles) and carabids were negatively affected by forest management. In contrast, vascular plant species were favored. The response for birds was heterogeneous and probably depended more on factors such as landscape patterns. The global difference in species richness between unmanaged and managed forests increased with time since abandonment and indicated a gradual recovery of biodiversity. Clearcut forests in which the composition of tree species changed had the strongest effect on species richness, but the effects of different types of management on taxa could not be assessed in a robust way because of low numbers of replications in the management‐intensity classes. Our results show that some taxa are more affected by forestry than others, but there is a need for research into poorly studied species groups in Europe and in particular locations. Our meta‐analysis supports the need for a coordinated European research network to study and monitor the biodiversity of different taxa in managed and unmanaged forests.     

天津市东疆港区绿化树种适应性评价

筛选适生树种是盐碱地绿化工作的技术关键。天津市东疆港区的土壤是淤泥质盐渍土,在该区域绿化树种现场调查的基础上,依据树种的适生能力、生态效益和实际生长效果建立了综合评价多级指标体系。通过确定各指标因子的权重和评判标准,计算出各树种的综合指数,并依次划分为骨干树种、重要树种、辅助和补充树种以及不适宜树种4个级别,该综合评价多级指标体系为类似盐碱地绿化建设工程提供了实践和理论依据。     

提高碳汇潜力：量化树种和造林模式对碳储量的影响

全球气候变化背景下,造林再造林固定的碳可以抵消温室气体减限排量。通过造林再造林增加森林面积可以增加林业碳汇,在土地面积有限的情况下,提高造林质量——在有限的造林面积上固定更多的碳是十分必要的。树种和造林模式的选择是增加森林生态系统碳汇的重要管理决策。文章综述了树种和造林模式对生态系统的碳储量的影响。树种从生物量的积累,凋落物和土壤碳储存,以及木材密度、碳贮存量等几个方面探讨其对生态系统碳库的影响。混交林能充分利用立地条件、改善树木营养状况,并且可以减少病虫害和森林火灾。同时分析了我国在森林经营方面存在的问题和改善途径,以期为该领域的研究提供参考。     

外来红树植物无瓣海桑的入侵生态特征

无瓣海桑因其具有速生性的特点而被广泛的用于滩涂海岸造林和控制外来杂草互花米草。但是同样作为外来种,无瓣海桑其自身的入侵性及生态风险已经成为近年来研究的一大热点。依据外来种风险评估的侧重点,分别从定居特性、传播特性及其影响等方面总结了国内外无瓣海桑的入侵生态特征的相关研究,表明无瓣海桑具有速生、高生产力、对低温和土壤具有一定的适应性、已在澳门等地出现扩散入侵现象等利于入侵的特点;但是同时它生态位宽度中等,繁殖率较低,并且它的种植会改善红树林生态系统土壤养分,有利于乡土红树植物的生长。现有对无瓣海桑入侵生态特征的定性研究并不能完全确定其入侵性和生态风险。因此今后需采用风险评估模型等手段对无瓣海桑入侵性进行更为深入地评估。     

Influence of haze pollution on water-soluble chemical species in PM2.5 and size-resolved particles at an urban site during fall

To investigate the influence of haze on the chemical composition and formation processes of ambient aerosol particles,PM_(2.5) and size-segregated aerosol particles were collected daily during fall at an urban site of Gwangju,Korea.During the study period,the total concentration of secondary ionic species(SIS) contributed an average of 43.9% to the PM_(2.5) ,whereas the contribution of SIS to the PM_(2.5) during the haze period was 62.3%.The NO_3 and SO~(2-)_4 concentrations in PM_(2.5) during the haze period were highly elevated,being 13.4 and 5.0 times higher than those during non-haze period,respectively.The PM,NO~-_3,SO~(2-)_4,oxalate,water-soluble organic carbon(WSOC),and humic-like substances(HULIS) had tri-modal size distributions peaks at 0.32,1.0,and 5.2 μm during the non-haze and haze periods.However,during the non-haze period they exhibited dominant size distributions at the condensation mode peaking at 0.32 μm,while on October 21 when the heaviest haze event occurred,they had predominant droplet mode size distributions peaking at 1.00 μm.Moreover,strong correlations of WSOC and HULIS with SO~(2-)_4,oxalate,and K+at particle sizes of 1.8 μm indicate that secondary processes and emissions from biomass burning could be responsible for WSOC and HULIS formations.It was found that the factors affecting haze formation could be the local stable synoptic conditions,including the weak surface winds and high surface pressures,the long-range transportation of haze from eastern China and upwind regions of the Korean peninsula,as well as the locally emitted and produced aerosol particles.     

高速铁路信号系统的安全管理评价研究

高速铁路信号系统要通过安全管理来保障其开发与运行中的安全相关活动符合系统安全计划的要求。为了评估安全管理活动的可信性,提出基于系统安全分析技术的安全管理评价方法。通过建立安全管理流程与系统安全功能相关联的概念模型,使用安全文化危险与可操作性研究(SCHAZOP)辨识出安全管理流程中的行为偏差,基于失效传导转换符号(FPTN)建立管理角色的安全文化失效模型,最终将管理行为失效模式转换成组件故障树作为安全管理评价证据。研究结果表明,安全管理行为偏差体现了信号系统开发与运营过程中的安全文化特征;辨识与分析安全文化失效,为信号系统安全管理活动的可信性提供了评价依据。     

Advancing indigenous self-determination through endangered species protection: Idaho gray wolf recovery

As part of the right of indigenous cultures to self-determination, several international bodies have recognized and addressed the role of indigenous communities in natural resources management, including the conservation of biodiversity. In the United States, disagreements regarding the application of the federal Endangered Species Act to Native American tribes have hindered the relationship between the federal and tribal governments on endangered species recovery. Our research examines the efforts of one Native American tribe, the Nez Perce, and the United States federal government to collaborate on federal gray wolf recovery in central Idaho. We interviewed members of the Nez Perce Tribe and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to characterize their relationship and explore the context in which the recovery program was implemented. Respondents attributed the success of the biological aspects of wolf recovery to the robustness of the wolf as a species and to close interagency coordination at the operational level. However, differences of opinion existed between the Tribe and Service concerning program funding, policy planning, and the rights and role of the Tribe in wolf management via co-management and cooperative management regimes. Respondents from both governments noted a clear hierarchical relationship at the strategic level, where policy planning and decision-making rested with the federal government. Lessons drawn from this case study can be applied across the international spectrum to improving partnerships, particularly at the strategic level, between indigenous and non-indigenous governance structures for protecting endangered species.