环境哲学与历史性转变

所谓环境哲学，就是从哲学角度研究环境与发展这一矛盾的运动规律，并用以指导环境工作实践的一门科学。从哲学角度看，推行历史性转变首在转变那些不适应客观变化的观念、经验和制度，以实践作为检验真理的唯一标准，对受计划经济体制影响的理念和经验进行反思，走出误区，以利转变。环境与经济的“并重”和“同步”是促进环境与发展矛盾转化的根本途径，“综合”是用改革的方法解决发展中的环境问题，是实现前两个转变的基本保障。总之，实施“三个转变”就是发挥人的主观能动作用，积极创造条件，促使环境与发展的矛盾由“两难”向“双赢”转化，将“以牺牲环境换取经济增长”转变为“以保护环境，优化经济增长”，真正走上生产发展、生活富裕、生态良好的文明发展道路。     

A Decision Framework for the Adaptive Management of an Exploited Species with Implications for Marine Reserves

Abstract:  Marine reserves have both conservation and fishery benefits. Nevertheless, there are no general criteria about when and where to establish new reserves, how to evaluate their efficacy, and how to conduct adaptive management to achieve conservation goals. We applied a decision-theory framework to optimally allocate conservation resources between improving data on population status and establishing a reserve for species conservation. Our goal was to maximize reserve benefits given the constraints of a population growth rate that would permit sustainability of resources. We illustrate our decision framework with a retrospective analysis of a 7-year time series on abundance of the leopard grouper ( Mycteroperca rosacea ) in the Sea of Cortés, Mexico. We used the lower bound of the distribution of the population growth rate ( λ ) as a decision rule for determining how many years of monitoring are needed to detect reserve effects. We determined the minimum time frame needed to estimate λ based on a stated level of risk tolerance for four sites. As expected, the coefficient of variation for the λ declined with the number of years of data. This increased precision with additional years of data resulted from the high degree of annual variability in the system. Where populations were slow to respond to reserves, more data were needed to detect a positive λ value. For the leopard grouper case study, confidence in the estimate of λ increased with the number of years of data. Our decision framework may be used to identify the minimum number of years of data needed before a management decision about reserve establishment could be made that is reasonably likely to meet its management objectives.     

Voluntary conservation of endangered species: when does no regulatory assurance mean no conservation?

Voluntary conservation agreements are becoming increasingly important in implementing the Endangered Species Act on private land. We analyze when such agreements arise and what level of conservation they generate in the presence of uncertainty about future conservation benefits and irreversibility of habitat loss and species extinction. Our results suggest that the likelihood of an agreement and the resulting conservation levels depend on the background threat of regulation, the cost advantage offered by voluntary agreements, and the availability of assurances regarding future regulation. Under conditions likely to hold in practice, conservation agreements that offer assurances may generate higher levels of conservation and higher net social benefits than agreements that do not offer assurances. However, the resulting level of conservation will not be optimal, and may be lower than that attainable under regulation.     

大气汞形态测定中吸附剂的选择及性能

本文选择了上试-402树脂作为常温高效选择性吸附氯化甲基汞的吸附剂,改进了Cbromosorb W-SE30-HCl吸附剂管的制备方法,并同时组装了一套由微孔纤维滤膜与Chromosorb W-SE30-HCl、402树脂、螺旋银丝、镀金细砂等四种吸附管串联组成的采样系统,由小型采样机抽气采样,于常温下同时依次富集颗粒汞、氯化汞、氯化甲基汞、单质汞及二甲基汞,系统小型轻便,适于野外采样。采样后,四种吸附剂分别采用高低两种温度脱汞。上述五种形态汞均由装有高温石英原子化器的AAs定量测定。     

Al-Ferron逐时络合比色法研究PACS中铝的水解聚合形态

制备了碱化度(B)及不同Al~(3+)/SO_4~(2-)摩尔比的系列PACS,用Al-Ferron逐时络合比色法研究了铝的形态分布,考察了碱化度(B)、Al~(3+)/SO_4~(2-)摩尔比、稀释作用及pH值对铝的形态分布的影响.实验结果表明,Al~(3+)/SO_4~(2-)摩尔比及溶液的pH值对铝的形态分布有较大的影响,稀释作用对铝的形态分布影响较小.Al~(3+)/SO_4~(2-)摩尔比愈小,pH值愈高,铝的水解聚合大分子及胶体粒子所占的比例就愈大.     

对生态系统中分离获得的菌种进行优势种群测定的方法学探讨：一株优势纤维分解菌的确定

两年内７次从同一个以杨木木屑为原料的厌氧发酵罐的高稀释度发酵液中分离出一株中温纤维分解菌，即新种阿氏梭状芽孢杆菌（Ｃｌｏｓｔｒｉｄｉｕｍａｌｄｒｉｃｈｉｉ）。从细菌计数高且能反复分离获得这两个特点，可以断定阿氏梭状芽孢杆菌在该生态系统中曾是一个优势种群。经菌落及菌体形态学观察，以及用首次分离的菌株所作的多价抗血清酶联免疫吸附试验（ＥＬＩＳＡ），确定７次分离菌株为同一菌种，从而证实阿氏梭状芽孢杆菌在１９８６年９月至１９８８年８月间，曾是该厌氧发酵罐中每毫升含菌高达１０６─１０７的优势纤维分解菌。     

Conservation Strategies for Endemic Fish Species Threatened by the Three Gorges Dam

Abstract:   The largest damming project to date, the Three Gorges Dam has been built along the Yangtze River (China), the most species-rich river in the Palearctic region. Among 162 species of fish inhabiting the main channel of the upper Yangtze, 44 are endemic and are therefore under serious threat of global extinction from the dam. Accordingly, it is urgently necessary to develop strategies to minimize the impacts of the drastic environmental changes associated with the dam. We sought to identify potential reserves for the endemic species among the 17 tributaries in the upper Yangtze, based on presence/absence data for the 44 endemic species. Potential reserves for the endemic species were identified by characterizing the distribution patterns of endemic species with an adaptive learning algorithm called a "self-organizing map" (SOM). Using this method, we also predicted occurrence probabilities of species in potential reserves based on the distribution patterns of communities. Considering both SOM model results and actual knowledge of the biology of the considered species, our results suggested that 24 species may survive in the tributaries, 14 have an uncertain future, and 6 have a high probability of becoming extinct after dam filling.     

苯酚的超临界水氧化试验

以自建的一套连续式超临界水氧化装置的温度，压力，溶氧量和流量等参数的可控性进行了实验，并在此基础上进行了苯酚的超临界水氧化研究。结果表明：所建立的装置能比较精确控制各种条件参数，是可靠的超临界水氧化试验研究装置。在氧气过量的条件下，停留时间是影响苯酚在超临界水中氧化分解的主要因素，反应的温度和压力升高导致苯致苯酚去除率的增大，只要有足够的氧气，苯酚起始浓度的增加对苯酚的转化率影响不明显，在实验条件下，溶液中苯酚的去除动力学对苯酚是一级，氧气是零级。     

Quadratic diversity: Its maximization can reduce the richness of species

In recent decades numerous diversity indices have been introduced. Among them the quadratic entropy index Q expresses the mean difference between two individuals chosen from the community at random. Differing from diversity indices habitually employed, Q does not satisfy a property postulated earlier for those measures. Namely, the uniform distribution of species does not necessarily yield the maximal index value. Q is based on the difference matrix of species. For a given matrix one can seek for the vector yielding the maximum quadratic entropy. This task leads to a quadratic programming problem. Using the appropriate program of a program package, we determined the maximum vector for a genetic difference matrix of crane species, as published in the literature. We discovered that some components (frequencies) in the maximum vector are equal to zero. That is, by maximizing the quadratic diversity some species can be eliminated. We discuss briefly the possible implications of this observation. Moreover, even if all elements in the maximum vector are positive, the elements can differ.