Hydrodynamic Modeling Improves Green River Reconnection with Floodplain Wetlands for Endangered Fish Species Recovery

We performed two‐dimensional (2D) hydrodynamic modeling to aid recovery of the endangered razorback sucker (Xyrauchen texanus) by reconnecting the Green River with its historic bottomland floodplain wetlands at Ouray National Wildlife Refuge, Utah. Reconnection allows spring flood flows to overtop the river levee every two to three years, and passively transport razorback sucker larvae to the wetlands to grow in critical habitat. This study includes (1) river hydrologic analysis, (2) simulation of a levee breach/weir, overtopping of river flood flows, and 2D flow through the wetlands using Hydrologic Engineering Center River Analysis System 2D, and (3) modeling flow and restoration scenarios. Indicators of hydrologic alteration were used to evaluate river flow metrics, in particular flood magnitudes, frequency, and duration. Results showed a target spring flow of 16,000 cfs (453 m³/s) and a levee breach elevation of 4,663 ft (1,421 m) amsl would result in a median flow >6,000 acre‐feet (7.4 million m³) over five days into the wetlands, which is adequate for razorback sucker larvae transport and rearing. Modeling of flow/restoration scenarios showed using gated water control structures and passive low‐water crossings between wetland units can provide adequate control of flow movement into and storage in multiple units. Levee breaching can be a relatively simple, cost‐effective method to reconnect rivers and historic floodplains, and hydrodynamic modeling is an important tool for analyzing and designing wetland reconnection.     

土地利用转型背景下的乡村景观格局演变响应——基于草堂溪流域的样带分析

研究山区土地利用转型背景下乡村景观格局演变与转型,对山区现代化农业可持续发展和景观格局优化具有一定的指导意义。以三峡库区草堂溪流域为研究对象,利用ArcGIS 10.2和Fragstats 4.2软件,采用样带梯度分析结合景观格局分析方法,基于地形和社会经济因素,分别在河谷地区和山地丘陵地区设置5条样带,对研究区2000—2018年不同方向样带上景观格局梯度演变和驱动机制进行分析比较。结果表明：（1）景观类型整体变化幅度大致可分为较稳定型、逐年递减型和波动递增型,且景观转型的重点主要体现在耕地收缩、果园扩张和林地恢复性增长。（2）2000—2018年,研究区河谷地区的景观类型逐渐多样化,土地利用集聚,呈现空间集约化;而山地丘陵地区景观类型逐渐单一化,林地恢复。整体上由生产型景观格局转型成生态经济型、生态调节型为主的景观格局。（3）社会经济发展和政府政策导向等因素导致研究区内土地利用发生转型,在土地利用转型背景下的乡村景观格局也发生了相应的转变。研究结果可为类似山区土地资源的合理利用、生态治理和乡村振兴提供借鉴价值。     

Transformation and migration of phosphorus in excess sludge reduction pretreatment by alkaline ferrate oxidation combined with anaerobic digestion

Recently,more and more attention has been paid to the strong oxidation ability of newly prepared potassium ferrate(NAPF) in sludge reduction process,but less attention has been paid to the change of phosphorus in this process.The feasibility of phosphorus migration and transformation during excess sludge reduction pretre atment using NAPF pre-oxidation combined with anaerobic digestion was investigated.After 70 mg/g suspended solids NAPF pretreatment and 16 days anaerobic digestion,the solid-phase volatile suspended solids decreased by 44.2%,and much organic matter had been released into the liquid-phase and then degraded during digestion by indigenous microorganisms.As the sludge pre-oxidation process was performed,solid-phase organic phosphorus and chemically combined phosphorus also released into the liquid-phase as PO_4~(3-),peaking at 100 mg/L.During anaerobic digestion,the Fe~(3+)in the liquid-phase was gradually reduced to Fe~(2+),and then formed Fe~(2+)-PO_4~(3-) compound crystals and re-migrated to the solid-phase.The concentration of PO_4~(3-) decreased to 17.08± 1.1 mg/L in the liquid-phase after anaerobic digestion.Finally,the phosphorus in the Fe~(2+)-PO_4~(3-) compound accounts for 80% of the total phosphorus in the solid-phase.A large number of vivianite crystals in sludge were observed.Therefore,this technology not only effectively reduces sludge,but also increases the proportion of PO_4~(3-)in the sludge in the form of Vivianite.     

Linkage between water soluble organic matter and bacterial community in sediment from a shallow, eutrophic lake, Lake Chaohu, China

Lacustrine sediment played important roles in migration and transformation of its water soluble organic matter (WSOM), and the source and composition of WSOM would affect water trophic status and the fate of pollutants. However, we know little about the pathway of WSOM transformation and its driving bacterial communities in lacustrine sediment. In the present study, we investigated the spatial distribution patterns of sediment WSOM and its fluorescent fractions across Lake Chaohu using fluorescence spectroscopy, and explored WSOM compositional structure through our proposed calculated ratios. In addition, we also analyzed sediment bacterial community using Illumina sequencing technology, and probed the possible pathway of sediment WSOM transformation under the mediate of indigenous bacteria. Our results showed that the inflowing rivers affected the spatial distribution patterns of WSOM and its five fractions (including tyrosine-, tryptophan-, fulvic acid-, humic acid-like substances and soluble microbial productions), and sediment WSOM originated from fresh algae detritus or bacterial sources. In parallel, we also found that Proteobacteria (mainly γ-Proteobacteria and δ-Proteobacteria), Firmicutes (mainly Bacilli), Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria, Planctomycetes and Actinobacteria dominate sediment bacterial community. Furthermore, these dominant bacteria triggered sediment WSOM transformation, specifically, the humic acid-like substances could be converted into fulvic acid-like substances, and further degraded into aromatic protein-like and SMP substances. In addition, our proposed ratios (P-L:H-L, Ar-P:SMP and H-L ratio), as supplementary tool, were effective to reveal WSOM composition structure. These results figured out possible pathway of WSOM transformation, and revealed its microbial mechanism in lacustrine sediment.     

不同替代修复年限对飞机草种群和本土植物群落结构的影响

为研究替代修复对飞机草的治理效果以及对本地植物群落结构的修复效应,选择修复3、5、10 a和未修复（CK）的飞机草入侵生境为研究对象,调查飞机草密度、盖度、生物量、基径和本土植物群落的物种多样性、盖度等指标,采用“空间代替时间”的方法,分析不同修复年限飞机草种群特征和本地植物群落结构的变化.结果表明:①随着修复年限的增加,飞机草密度、盖度、基径、生物量等指标均呈显著降低趋势;修复10 a后,飞机草的盖度、密度、生物量、基径相比对照分别降低了97.3%、96.5%、98.6%、85.7%,飞机草入侵得到明显控制.②在植被替代修复过程中,飞机草入侵生境的群落结构得到明显改善,草本层物种多样性呈先升后降再升的趋势,草本层盖度在修复3 a后显著升高随后又显著降低,灌木层和乔木层物种多样性和盖度均呈显著增加趋势.研究显示,替代修复能有效治理飞机草入侵,促进植物群落的正向演替,提高本地植物群落结构的稳定性,增强生态系统对外来物种入侵的抵抗力.      

典型胶合板制造企业VOCs排放特征

通过苏玛罐采样和GC-MS/FID分析系统,测定了山东地区典型胶合板制造企业的VOCs排放特征.结果表明,烷烃（13.81%~39.16%）、含氧VOCs（5.68%~36.06%）和芳香烃（3.58%~48.12%）是热压和涂胶工艺主要排放成分,废气排口以含氧VOCs（6.49%~83.88%）排放为主,不同工艺环节的特征VOCs组分各有不同;烯炔烃（27.12%~39.38%）和芳香烃（32.47%~45.63%）是热压工艺和涂胶工艺的高OFP组分,废气排口则以含氧VOCs（52.82%）对O₃生成贡献最大;基于SOAP评估,各环节均以芳香烃类化合物（97.08%~98.03%）为主要活性组分;测得山东地区胶合板制造行业VOCs排放因子为0.89g VOCs/m³胶合板.     

叶菜类蔬菜产地镉环境质量类别划分技术研究

以农业农村部环境监测总站对我国主要叶菜类蔬菜产地的例行监测数据为基础,综合考虑种类和土壤理化性质的影响,深入探讨了应用物种敏感性分布法（SSD）基于不同累积概率建立我国叶菜类蔬菜产地“优先保护类、安全利用类和严格管控类”的土壤镉环境质量类别划分阈值,并对其合理性验证.结果表明：pH值、阳离子交换量（CEC）和土壤有机质（SOM）对叶菜类蔬菜富集镉的影响均达到了极显著水平（P<0.01）,并由其构建的三因子生物有效性模型为lgBCF=-0.122pH+0.025lgSOM-0.048lgCEC+1.252（R²=0.746,P<0.01,n=134）,可解释叶菜类蔬菜富集系数74.6%的变异;利用上述模型将不同土壤理化性质条件下叶菜类蔬菜镉的生物富集系数（BCF）归一化处理可最大程度降低土壤理化性质对其富集镉的影响,凸出叶菜类蔬菜的内在敏感性;利用归一化后的BCF通过log-logistic拟合函数构建SSD曲线得到,不同叶菜类蔬菜种类对镉的敏感性差异明显;依据SSD曲线基于保护80%、50%和5%的叶菜类蔬菜种类分别推导出pH≤6.5、6.5相似文献   

施用牛粪对As污染稻田水稻As吸收的影响

为探究牛粪施肥对污染稻田水稻As吸收的影响,采用盆栽培养试验研究了施加牛粪对土壤Fe和As的活性、水稻根表铁膜形成及籽粒As含量的影响。实验所用受高As矿山废水污染土壤(As:92. 3 mg/kg)施加10%～30%的牛粪,土壤溶解性有机碳含量增加8. 41～24. 5 mg/kg,土壤孔隙水pH提高0. 14～0. 59,土壤氧化还原电位降低93. 5～174 m V,与背景土(As:18. 1 mg/kg)变化趋势相同;施用牛粪还会活化土壤中的Fe和As,污染土壤Fe(II)、AO-Fe和HCl-As含量分别增加13. 5%～149%、35. 9%～90. 9%和70. 1%～181%,分别为背景土壤的0. 86～1. 66倍、1. 17～2. 15倍、4. 29～8. 91倍;施加牛粪能促进根表铁膜的形成,拔节期污染土壤和背景土壤水稻根表Fe分别是其对照的1. 56～1. 96倍和2. 09～3. 07倍,根表吸附As含量是其对照的3. 04～5. 18、3. 82～4. 08倍,根表附着Fe随牛粪的增加先增加后降低,至成熟期污染土壤水稻根表吸附Fe和As分别是背景土壤的1. 35～2. 91和8. 45～16. 6倍,根表As和Fe的物质量比为污染区(3. 49×10~(-3)～3. 55×10~(-3))背景区(4. 41×10~(-4)～6. 17×10~(-4));背景土壤施加牛粪后水稻籽粒As含量降低,最大降低36. 4%,而污染土壤水稻籽粒As含量增加,最大增加127%。牛粪对土壤As、Fe的活性及根表铁膜的形成都具有重要影响,会提高污染稻田籽粒中As的含量,含As矿山废水污染稻田应当谨慎施用牛粪。