城市污水二级处理出水中不同种类PPCPs的臭氧氧化效果与机制研究

研究了臭氧氧化对城市污水二级处理出水中15种典型药品和个人护理品（PPCPs）的去除效果及O₃分子氧化和·OH自由基氧化的贡献.结果表明,PPCPs的臭氧氧化去除效果与其亲核官能结构特性相关,芳香胺结构为主的PPCPs易降解,烷基胺结构为主的PPCPs可部分降解,亲核特性较弱的双键为主的PPCPs难降解;在臭氧投加量为5.5 mg·L^-1条件下,这3类PPCPs的去除率为分别为大于95%、57%~68%和39%~57%.臭氧氧化过程中,O₃分子氧化和·OH自由基氧化均起重要作用.易降解PPCPs的氧化机制以O₃分子氧化为主,贡献率为82%~91%;可降解和难降解PPCPs的氧化机制以·OH自由基氧化为主,贡献率分别为48%~71%和66%~94%.二级出水中臭氧氧化过程中,UVA₂₅₄去除率可呈单线性或分段线性指示PPCPs的去除效率.     

山西资源型城市创新环境与产业结构转型空间耦合

通过构建耦合协调度模型,分析2003年和2016年山西资源型城市创新环境与产业结构转型的空间耦合关系。结果表明：不同优势的城市创新环境质量随着时间的推移均发生不同程度的变化,其中高水平创新环境骤降,中等水平稳步升高,而低水平创新环境并未实现突破性的提升;产业结构高级化指数均呈增大趋势,产业结构合理化指数较高且变化相对复杂;原创新环境与产业结构高级化、合理化耦合度指数均较高且均为高度耦合区,但随着时间的推移,大部分城市逐渐下降;协调发展度较低,整体始终表现为“南北中度失调、中间严重失调”的格局;大部分城市相对发展度指数逐渐上升,山西“南北”区域属于创新环境超前型或同步发展型,而“中间”区域主要为创新环境滞后型的格局并未发生显著变化。因此,应当充分依托城市创新环境或产业结构转型现有的优势,因地制宜地分类指导其资源型城市建设发展,从而实现创新环境与产业结构转型的并进协同发展。     

京杭大运河(苏州段)内源磷形态分布及其对扰动的响应

以京杭大运河(苏州段)不同外源汇入断面的沉积物和上覆水为实验材料,研究了扰动条件下上覆水、沉积物中不同形态磷数量分布及形态转化过程.结果表明,污水厂尾水排放口处的沉积物内源磷更容易释放,且扰动期间上覆水中不同形态磷(TP、PP、DTP、DIP)均处于较高水平,明显高于风景区和居民区,此外,也归因于水丝蚓的生物扰动.但随着扰动次数的增加,上覆水中各形态磷含量呈降低趋势.扰动显著改变了上覆水中形态磷分布规律,DIP/DTP、DIP/TP及DIP/DTP比值呈降低趋势,并在第11 d以后趋于稳定,但在有水丝蚓扰动下,改变幅度变小.扰动导致沉积物中不同形态磷含量发生变化,NH_4Cl-P含量明显降低,Fe/Al-P明显增加,其中,污水厂尾水排放口沉积物中NH4Cl-P和Fe/Al-P的变化幅度最大.     

小球藻对土壤-水稻系统砷化学形态转化的影响

为揭示绿藻对土壤-水稻系统砷形态转化的影响特征,系统分析了不同浓度小球藻共存条件下水稻土砷氧化还原与溶解释放行为的变化,并结合水稻培育试验,对小球藻影响水稻砷吸收与体内砷形态的发生机制进行探讨.试验设置对照组及小球藻浓度（以体积分数计）分别为1%、5%、10%的处理,研究了小球藻对溶液体系、淹水土壤体系和淹水土壤-水稻体系中砷的化学形态转化的作用.结果表明:加藻组使As（Ⅲ）溶液和淹水土壤E_h（氧化还原电位）与pH均普遍高于对照组.在As（Ⅲ）溶液体系中,加藻组As（Ⅲ）氧化转化率较对照组升高2.38%~4.95%,该作用在淹水土壤中得到印证,小球藻的共存使土壤孔隙水ρ[As（Ⅴ）]较对照组升高129.22%~221.41%,而ρ（甲基砷）出现显著下降（5.25%~53.31%）.水稻栽培试验进一步发现,小球藻明显促进土壤中晶体态铁铝氧化物向弱结晶与无定形铁铝氧化物结合态砷等的转化,导致水稻幼苗对砷的吸收积累量增加-3.4%~23.11%,推测这与小球藻作用下土壤孔隙水ρ（DOC）的增加密切相关.研究显示,尽管小球藻有利于提高淹水土壤体系E_h并加速As（Ⅲ）的氧化转化,但小球藻可能通过有机酸等分泌物的竞争吸附作用促进铁铝氧化物结合态砷的溶解释放,从而增加水稻砷吸收;淡水藻类对土壤-水稻体系砷吸收积累的风险值得引起高度关注,并需要在大田试验中进一步加以验证.      

典型旅游城市河流水体及污水厂出水中全氟烷基酸类化合物的空间分布及其前体物的转化

全氟烷基酸类化合物(perfluoroalkyl Acids,PFAAs)在各环境介质中被普遍检出,对生态环境和人体健康具有潜在风险.为探明旅游型城市不同水体PFAAs污染特征及其前体物对污染的贡献,以典型旅游型城市——日照市为例,基于超高效液相色谱-串联质谱,结合WAX固相萃取及羟基自由基氧化等方法,系统分析了日照市主要河流水体和污水厂出水中15种PFAAs及其3种前体物的含量水平和空间分布特征,探讨PFAAs前体物的转化潜力及其对污染的贡献.结果表明,在上述水体中15种PFAAs普遍被检出,前体物中只有全氟辛基磺酰胺(perfluorooctane sulfoneamide,FOSA)被检出;在河流水体和污水厂出水中总质量浓度(ΣPFAAs)分别为3. 79~45. 58 ng·L~(-1)和54. 04~105. 64 ng·L~(-1),其中质量浓度较高的污染物是全氟辛烷磺酸(perfluorooctanesulfonic acid,PFOS)、全氟己烷磺酸(perfluorohexanesulfonic acid,PFHx S)、全氟辛酸(perfluorooctanoic acid,PFOA)和全氟壬酸(perfluorononanoic acid,PFNA).河流水体ΣPFAAs明显低于污水厂出水,河流下游水体高于上游.运用羟基自由基氧化法对样品进行氧化处理后,所有样品PFAAs的质量浓度都明显升高;相对于河流水体,污水厂出水中碳原子数为4~12的全氟羧酸类化合物(perfluorinated carboxylic acids,PFCAs)浓度增加值(ΣΔPFCAC4~C12)更高,这可能是由于PFAAs前体物在污水处理过程中降解所致.研究成果可为旅游城市新型污染物环境污染防治提供数据支撑和技术借鉴.     

微量元素锰对威氏海链藻生长及叶绿素荧光的影响

微藻和高等植物的光系统Ⅱ中的放氧复合体(oxygen-evolving complex,OEC)是裂解水与释放氧气、质子和电子的部位,其中水裂解的反应中心由4个锰原子组成的锰族构成.叶绿素荧光诱导动力学分析技术是研究光合作用特征的有效方法,可以指示不同环境压力下光系统各构件的变化.利用该技术研究了锰添加(0~9 000 nmol·L~(-1)Mn)对威氏海链藻(Conticribra weissflogii)生长及叶绿素荧光特性的影响.结果表明,除最高浓度锰(9 000 nmol·L~(-1)Mn)外,其余浓度锰对威氏海链藻生长的影响均不显著;锰对威氏海链藻叶绿素荧光参数的影响与锰添加的浓度范围有关,且随培养时间的增加而增强:其中,较低浓度锰(90 nmol·L~(-1)Mn)对各叶绿素荧光参数都呈现了强影响效果.尽管锰可能不是威氏海链藻生长的限制因子,但是锰从两方面促进了其光合作用:(1)促进光系统Ⅱ供体侧OEC结构的完整性和从OEC到电子传递中间体Tyr之间的电子传递;(2)促进光系统Ⅱ受体侧的能量转化和QA之后的电子传递.研究还发现,光合作用中与能量转化相关的荧光参数和活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)之间呈显著相关(P 0. 01),表明锰在威氏海链藻光合作用过程及ROS的产生中都扮演着重要角色.     

铈钴复合氧化物催化剂催化CO-SCR反应机理研究

利用共沉淀法制备了一系列Ce-Co-O_x复合氧化物催化剂,并对其CO-SCR反应性能进行了研究.考察了Co和Ce比例对CO-SCR反应活性的影响,确定最佳的Ce和Co复合比例为3：7,最高转化率为84%（250℃）.经表征分析发现,Ce（0.3）-Co（0.7）-O_x上发生CO-SCR的主活性位点是Co.掺杂Ce提升催化性能主要有两方面原因：一是催化剂比表面积增大,提高了表面的吸附位数量;二是Ce-Co-O_x催化剂形成的固溶体提升了氧迁移率.反应机理可能是气态或者弱吸附状态的CO与NO的吸附物种（主要是桥接二齿亚硝酸盐物种和螯合式双齿硝酸盐物种）反应.     

高铝粉煤灰脱硅反应工艺优化及机理探讨

为探究高铝粉煤灰脱硅最佳工艺条件及了解其脱硅过程物相转化机理,通过正交试验研究了w(NaOH)(10%~30%)、灰碱比(质量比,取1∶0.3~1∶2.0)、时间(1.0~4.0 h)和温度(90~150 ℃)对脱硅效率及铝硅比(质量比)的影响. 结果表明:w(NaOH)为20%、灰碱比为1∶0.5、反应时间为2.0 h、反应温度为120 ℃是粉煤灰脱硅反应的最佳条件;在最佳条件下铝硅比由原灰的1.23升至2.02以上,脱硅效率达38.6%.反应温度、灰碱比、碱液浓度、时间对脱硅率的影响依次减弱. 通过定量X射线衍射(XRD)分析了脱硅前后物相的变化,当温度高于120 ℃时,有大量方钠石形成,并且方钠石生成量(X)与铝硅比(Y)呈显著负相关,有Y=-0.012 8X+2.03 (R2=0.930,P<0.01). 由扫描电镜(SEM)对粉煤灰脱硅前后的表观形貌变化观察可知,粉煤灰在脱硅过程中非晶态SiO₂部分溶解,从而进一步证实了方钠石的生成是影响脱硅效率的关键因素.      

Past and Present Effectiveness of Protected Areas for Conservation of Naturally and Anthropogenically Rare Plant Species

Abstract:  The Global Strategy of Plant Conservation states that at least 60% of threatened plant species should be within protected areas. This goal has been met in some regions with long traditions of plant protection. We used gap analysis to explore how particular groups of species of conservation interest, representing different types of natural or anthropogenic rarity, have been covered by protected areas on a national scale in Estonia during the last 100 years. Species-accumulation curves indicated that plant species that are naturally rare (restricted global or local distribution, always small populations, or very rare habitat requirements) needed almost twice as many protected areas to reach the 60% target as plant species that are rare owing to lack of suitable management (species depending on grassland management, moderate forest disturbances, extensive traditional agriculture, or species potentially threatened by collecting). Temporal analysis of the establishment of protected areas suggested that grouping plant species according to the predominant cause of rarity accurately reflected the history of conservation decision making. Species found in very rare habitats have previously received special conservation attention; species dependent on traditional extensive agriculture have been largely ignored until recently. Legislative initiative and new nature-protection schemes (e.g., Natura 2000, network of protected areas in the European Union) have had a positive influence on all species groups. Consequently, the species groups needing similar action for their conservation are sensitive indicators of the effectiveness of protected-area networks. Different species groups, however, may not be uniformly conserved within protected areas, and all species groups should fulfill the target of 60% coverage within protected areas.     

Identifying Conservation and Restoration Priorities for Saproxylic and Old-Growth Forest Species: A Case Study in Switzerland

Saproxylic (dead-wood-associated) and old-growth species are among the most threatened species in European forest ecosystems, as they are susceptible to intensive forest management. Identifying areas with particular relevant features of biodiversity is of prime concern when developing species conservation and habitat restoration strategies and in optimizing resource investments. We present an approach to identify regional conservation and restoration priorities even if knowledge on species distribution is weak, such as for saproxylic and old-growth species in Switzerland. Habitat suitability maps were modeled for an expert-based selection of 55 focal species, using an ecological niche factor analyses (ENFA). All the maps were then overlaid, in order to identify potential species’ hotspots for different species groups of the 55 focal species (e.g., birds, fungi, red-listed species). We found that hotspots for various species groups did not correspond. Our results indicate that an approach based on “richness hotspots” may fail to conserve specific species groups. We hence recommend defining a biodiversity conservation strategy prior to implementing conservation/restoration efforts in specific regions. The conservation priority setting of the five biogeographical regions in Switzerland, however, did not differ when different hotspot definitions were applied. This observation emphasizes that the chosen method is robust. Since the ENFA needs only presence data, this species prediction method seems to be useful for any situation where the species distribution is poorly known and/or absence data are lacking. In order to identify priorities for either conservation or restoration efforts, we recommend a method based on presence data only, because absence data may reflect factors unrelated to species presence.