改进密切值法在湖泊富营养化评价中的应用

密切值法(Osculating Method)作为一种多目标优选方法,在水环境质量评价中具有一定的应用.经过改进,将各级营养级别作为评价样本,参与到湖泊水环境样本的矩阵中,引入目标差值率对初始矩阵进行规范化处理,并应用层次分析法,对各评价指标的贡献程度加以确定.将改进后的密切值法应用于湖泊富营养化评价中.经实例分析表明,该方法概念清晰、计算简便实用,保证了湖泊水环境质量评价的科学性,能较好地反映湖泊水环境质量的优劣,并使其与各级营养级别的关系一目了然.     

应用改进密切值法进行地表水环境综合评价

针对密切值法应用中的实际问题,引入目标差值率和虚拟优点、劣点的概念,对密切值法进行了改进.将改进后的密切值法应用于地表水环境综合评价中,经实例分析表明,该方法概念清晰、计算简便实用,且从评价结果可获许多潜在的信息,是开展地表水流域水环境综合评价的一种有效的方法.     

Prenatal diagnosis of Apert syndrome: report of two cases

Two de novo cases with Apert Syndrome detected prenatally are presented herein. In the first, fetal ultrasound findings of syndactyly of the hands, craniosynostosis and proptosis resulted in a prenatal diagnosis in the nineteenth week of gestation. This is the earliest prenatal diagnosis of this syndrome in a not-at-risk case. Following counseling, this pregnancy was terminated and subsequent pathological examination and DNA analysis confirmed the diagnosis of Apert Syndrome and coarctation of the aorta. In the second case, fetal ultrasound at 21 weeks' gestation revealed a hypoplastic left heart and clover-leaf skull. Following counseling, this pregnancy was also terminated. Further examination of the fetus and DNA analysis led to a diagnosis of Apert Syndrome. These cases emphasize the need to complete a thorough fetal ultrasound in cases with potentially lethal cardiac abnormality and the importance of incorporating a fetal pathologist, as well as a medical geneticist, in the investigations performed after delivery or pregnancy termination when a fetal abnormality is detected on ultrasound. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于响应曲面法的遗煤自燃分析与研究*

为研究高瓦斯易自燃煤层不同供风量、高抽巷抽采流量、低抽巷抽采流量3因素对采空区自燃“三带”分布影响规律,选取阳煤五矿8406工作面为研究对象,在数值模拟研究基础上,采用Design Expert软件进行Box Behnken试验设计,构建采空区氧化升温带宽度在3因素、3水平条件下的二次回归响应曲面模型,并对不同条件下采空区氧化升温带宽度进行预测与分析。结果表明:二次回归方程P值为0.001 6,预测模型显著,模型的失拟项为0.606 3,不显著,回归方程具有统计学意义;当供风量为1 500~2 000 m3/min,低抽流量为450~650 m3/min,高抽流量为100~200 m3/min时,对氧化升温带宽度一次项重要度排序为C（高抽巷抽采流量）>A（供风量）>B（低抽巷抽采流量）,二次项重要度排序为AC（供风量和高抽巷抽采流量）>AB（供风量和低抽巷抽采流量）>BC（低抽巷抽采流量和高抽巷抽采流量）,且AB,AC,BC之间均无交互作用。     

基于FA-BAS-ELM的海洋油气管道外腐蚀速率预测

为提高海洋油气管道外腐蚀速率预测的精度和效率,建立基于因子分析(FA)和天牛须搜索算法(BAS)的极限学习机(ELM)腐蚀速率预测模型。利用FA对影响因素数据集进行降维处理,确定预测模型的输入变量;建立ELM预测模型,并采用BAS对ELM模型的参数进行优化,避免参数取值随机性对模型预测性能的影响;以实海挂片试验为例,通过建模仿真评价模型的预测性能,并与其他模型进行对比分析。结果表明：FA-BAS-ELM预测模型的平均绝对误差(MAPE)仅为1.92%,决定系数R²高达0.994 9,相比于其他模型,该模型具有更优的预测性能。     

Assessment of the maximum possible liquid superheat during flashing leak flow

During the discharge of flashing liquids through leaks due to abrupt depressurization a transient thermodynamic non-equilibrium in the form of a boiling delay in the superheated liquid flow can occur. As a consequence the actual mass flow quality is smaller than calculated under the assumption of an immediate adjustment of the thermodynamic equilibrium between the phases. For the prediction of the leak mass flow for a given pressure difference the magnitude of this self-adjusting mass flow quality is needed.

Most of the models cited in the literature include only the equilibrium mass quality as limiting quantity and ignore further effects as that of the depressurization velocity or the mean nucleus distance. For the assessment of the maximum possible liquid superheat during flashing only the conduction heat transfer from a stagnant liquid to the bubble surface is used to describe the bubble growth.

The sub-model for the bubble growth due to expansion and mass transfer necessary for the global prediction of the transient thermodynamic non-equilibrium in flashing liquids was validated using bubble radii measured by Hooper et al. [Bubble growth and pressure relationship in the flashing of superheated water. Technical publication 6904, Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Toronto, 1969] for the case of a sudden depressurization of initially saturated water. On this basis the calculated time-dependent temperature field, the actual mass quality, the mean liquid temperature and, in comparison to the corresponding values based on the assumption of immediate thermodynamic equilibrium, the maximum possible liquid superheat are predicted.     

Protected areas as frontiers for human migration

Causes of human population growth near protected areas have been much debated. We conducted 821 interviews in 16 villages around Budongo Forest Reserve, Masindi district, Uganda, to explore the causes of human migration to protected areas and to identify differences in forest use between migrant and nonmigrant communities. We asked subjects for information about birthplace, migration, household assets, household activities, and forest use. Interview subjects were categorized as nonmigrants (born in one of the interview villages), socioeconomic migrants (chose to emigrate for economic or social reasons) from within Masindi district (i.e., local migrants) and from outside the Masindi district (i.e., regional migrants), or forced migrants (i.e., refugees or internally displaced individuals who emigrated as a result of conflict, human rights abuses, or natural disaster). Only 198 respondents were born in interview villages, indicating high rates of migration between 1998 and 2008. Migrants were drawn to Budongo Forest because they thought land was available (268 individuals) or had family in the area (161 individuals). A greater number of regional migrants settled in villages near Lake Albert than did forced and local migrants. Migration category was also associated with differences in sources of livelihood. Of forced migrants 40.5% earned wages through labor, whereas 25.5% of local and 14.5% of regional migrants engaged in wage labor. Migrant groups appeared to have different effects on the environment. Of respondents that hunted, 72.7% were regional migrants. Principal component analyses indicated households of regional migrants were more likely to be associated with deforestation. Our results revealed gaps in current models of human population growth around protected areas. By highlighting the importance of social networks and livelihood choices, our results contribute to a more nuanced understanding of causes of migration and of the environmental effects of different migrant groups.     

堆肥法处理含油污泥研究进展

含油污泥是炼油厂和石油化工厂的日产固体废弃物 ,是当前石化行业所面临的污染问题。本文给出了近期国内外对含油污泥的处理方法 ,并对堆肥法处理含油污泥进行了综述。含油污泥的堆肥处理需提供氧气、菌种和营养 ,为保持油泥的疏松状态 ,还需加入填充剂。本文对高速生物反应器的结构、运行、调控进行了详细介绍 ,并从经济核算角度指出了其运营可行性     

Community participation in cultural heritage and environmental policy formulation in Botswana

Cultural heritage does not have direct economic benefits. However, if properly managed it can stimulate social cohesions, improving the environment and have beneficial economic spin offs for the local communities. This paper discusses the role of communities in the formulation of the policies concerning their local environment. It argues that community engagement by policy makers is important in giving legitimacy and ownership of the policies. Furthermore, this paper discusses the potential of cultural heritage in diversifying the economy in Botswana. This paper recommends for the re-assessment of the relationship between the state and local communities which is critical in resuscitating the seemingly ailing community business organizations. In conclusion, it argues for the sustainable management of cultural heritage as a social and economic resource in the next 50 years of Botswana’s independence.     

基于三维空气质量模型的广东省臭氧生成速率分析

使用WRF/CAMx模型及化学过程分析(CPA)模块,系统研究了广东省夏、秋季的臭氧生成敏感性与生成速率。夏季,广州与东莞等珠三角中部地区臭氧生成主要对VOCs敏感,郊区的臭氧生成速率较大,珠江口地区是重要的臭氧生成源区,夏季白天(08:00—17:00)平均净臭氧生成速率可达37μg/(m³·h),位于珠三角东北部的天湖白天平均净臭氧生成速率约为25μg/(m³·h)。秋季,珠江口西岸臭氧生成主要对VOCs敏感,秋季臭氧生成速率显著低于夏季。夏、秋季珠三角大部分地区臭氧生成敏感性从早上对VOCs敏感逐步过渡到下午对NO_x敏感,广东其他大部分地区则全天均为NO_x敏感,一般在VOCs敏感区中的臭氧生成速率与化学消耗速率均较大。中心城区的臭氧生成弱,臭氧净化学消耗强。