声凝并联合雾化预处理及其在过滤除尘中的应用

根据声凝并理论和雾化湿式除尘理论,建立了燃煤飞灰在声场联合雾化加湿作为预处理的过滤式除尘实验装置。分别在声场、雾化加湿、声场与雾化加湿相结合3种预处理条件下进行实验,确定合适的加湿量范围,得出不同条件下燃煤飞灰的去除效果。在声场联合雾化加湿条件下,分别研究了声压级和雾化加湿量对飞灰的去除率的影响。结果表明,声场和雾化加湿联合作用能有效提高燃煤PM2.5去除率。以声场联合雾化加湿作为预处理进行过滤除尘实验,结果表明,虽然对高效滤料的除尘效率提高作用有限,但是该预处理可减轻滤袋负荷,有效延缓压差增长,降低清灰频率。由于采用表面覆膜滤材,加湿量控制得当可避免产生"糊袋"现象。     

卫星光学反射膜光谱反射率空间综合环境退化研究

对玻璃基底和金属基底的铝反射膜在紫外、低能电子、低能质子的综合环境作用下的光谱反射率退化进行了实验研究。试验结果表明两种铝反射膜的光谱反射率均发生了退化,且光谱反射率的退化主要集中在可见光波段,在近红外波段退化很小;玻璃基底铝反射膜退化在420 nm左右出现峰值点,2种金属基底铝反射膜的退化的峰值点在450 nm左右。由于电荷沉积在玻璃中后会抑制带电粒子入射,因此玻璃基底铝反射膜的退化要小于金属基底铝反射膜。     

Hyperspectral Characteristics of Canopy Components and Structure for Phenological Assessment of an Invasive Weed

Spectral reflectance values of four canopy components (stems, buds, opening flowers, and postflowers of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis)) were measured to describe their spectral characteristics. We then physically combined these canopy components to simulate the flowering stage indicated by accumulated flower ratios (AFR) 10%, 40%, 70%, and 90%, respectively. Spectral dissimilarity and spectral angles were calculated to quantitatively identify spectral differences among canopy components and characteristic patterns of these flowering stages. This study demonstrated the ability of hyperspectral data to characterize canopy components, and identify different flowering stages. Stems had a typical spectral profile of green vegetation, which produced a spectral dissimilarity with three reproduction organs (buds, opening flowers, and postflowers). Quantitative differences between simulated flower stages depended on spectral regions and phenological stages examined. Using full-range canopy spectra, the initial flowering stage could be separated from the early peak, peak, and late flowering stages by three spectral regions, i.e. the blue absorption (around 480 nm) and red absorption (around 650 nm) regions and NIR plateau from 730 nm to 950 nm. For airborne CASI data, only the red absorption region and NIR plateau could be used to identify the flowering stages in the field. This study also revealed that the peak flowering stage was more easily recognized than any of the other three stages.     

京津冀产业碳排放强度变化及驱动因素研究

为探讨京津冀地区温室气体排放强度变化的影响因素,采用对数平均迪式分解模型及归因分析(LMDI-Attribution)方法,基于1996—2014年数据从细分行业角度进行研究。针对温室气体排放强度作产业结构、能源强度和排放因子三因素LMDI乘法分解,对温室气体排放强度变化的影响效应作归因分析,量化4个行业对分解因素影响效应的贡献,得到以下主要结论:1996—2014年京津冀地区温室气体排放强度主要呈现下降趋势,累计下降23.05%。其中,能源强度是温室气体排放强度下降的主导因素,其影响效应为-61.18%,对这一影响效应贡献最大的是工业,并且四大经济部门均通过能源强度在不同程度上使得温室气体排放强度有所减小,可见"阶梯电价"、"千家企业节能项目"、"十大重点节能项目"等相关政策在工业发展中对提高能源效率的作用明显。产业结构使得温室气体排放强度增加23.53%,其主要贡献者是工业,说明"工业产品出口退税率调整"等一系列政策的效果不明显;然而农业则使得温室气体排放强度降低,贡献值为3.09%。碳排放因子在1996—2014年间对温室气体排放强度的影响为60.47%,是京津冀地区温室气体排放强度增加的主要因素,说明京津冀地区的能源结构不合理。工业对这一效应的贡献最大为55.97%。可见,工业在京津冀地区的温室气体减排工作中起到最为关键的作用。     

新亚铜灵--直接全差示光度法测定水中微量铜

实验了新亚铜灵--直接全差示光度法测定水中微量铜.与新亚铜灵萃取光度法相比较,该方法具有操作简单、灵敏度较高、不使用氯仿等优点.方法回收率为96%～103%,相对标准偏差为0.26%～3.6%,最低检出限为0.002mg/L.     

Changes in bird‐migration patterns associated with human‐induced mortality

Many bird populations have recently changed their migratory behavior in response to alterations of the environment. We collected data over 16 years on male Great Bustards (Otis tarda), a species showing a partial migratory pattern (sedentary and migratory birds coexisting in the same breeding groups). We conducted population counts and radio tracked 180 individuals to examine differences in survival rates between migratory and sedentary individuals and evaluate possible effects of these differences on the migratory pattern of the population. Overall, 65% of individuals migrated and 35% did not. The average distance between breeding and postbreeding areas of migrant individuals was 89.9 km, and the longest average movement of sedentary males was 3.8 km. Breeding group and migration distance had no effect on survival. However, mortality of migrants was 2.4 to 3.5 times higher than mortality of sedentary birds. For marked males, collision with power lines was the main cause of death from unnatural causes (37.6% of all deaths), and migratory birds died in collisions with power lines more frequently than sedentary birds (21.3% vs 6.3%). The percentage of sedentary individuals increased from 17% in 1997 to 45% in 2012. These results were consistent with data collected from radio‐tracked individuals: The proportion of migratory individuals decreased from 86% in 1997–1999 to 44% in 2006–2010. The observed decrease in the migratory tendency was not related to climatic changes (temperatures did not change over the study period) or improvements in habitat quality (dry cereal farmland area decreased in the main study area). Our findings suggest that human‐induced mortality during migration may be an important factor shaping the migration patterns of species inhabiting humanized landscapes.     

不同地域的阳光光谱分布特性

目的研究阳光的光谱能量分布特性。方法对高原、西北沙漠、热带海洋等3个地域200~800 nm波段的阳光进行光谱测量,分析不同地区、不同天气状况、不同扫描速度下的阳光光谱能量分布特性。结果高原地区阳光光谱中的紫外-可见波段的辐照强度明显比西北沙漠和热带海洋地区高,多云时200~800 nm波段的辐射总量与晴天相比降低1/4,200~400 nm的紫外波段的辐射总量仅为晴天时的54%。光谱测量仪的扫描速度对光谱测定结果基本无影响。结论研究获得的阳光紫外截止点、340 nm处的辐照强度、不同波段的辐照量,可为实验室光源暴露试验中的光源选择、光谱能量控制提供参考。     

Global Warming and Global Dioxide Emission: An Empirical Study

In this paper, the dynamic relationship between global surface temperature (global warming) and global carbon dioxide emission (CO₂) is modelled and analyzed by causality and spectral analysis in the time domain and frequency domain, respectively. Historical data of global CO₂emission and global surface temperature anomalies over 129 years from 1860–1988 are used in this study. The causal relationship between the two phenomena is first examined using the Sim and Granger causality test in the time domain after the data series are filtered by ARIMA models. The Granger causal relationship is further scrutinized and confirmed by cross-spectral and multichannel spectral analysis in the frequency domain. The evidence found from both analyses proves that there is a positive causal relationship between the two variables. The time domain analysis suggests that Granger causality exists between global surface temperature and global CO₂emission. Further, CO₂emission causes the change in temperature. The conclusions are further confirmed by the frequency domain analysis, which indicates that the increase in CO₂emission causes climate warming because a high coherence exists between the two variables. Furthermore, it is proved that climate changes happen after an increase in CO₂emission, which confirms that the increase in CO₂emission does cause global warming.     

Effects of Light Zenith Angle Variation on Spectral Responses of a Water Body’s Environmental Quality

The effect of light source zenith angle (θ_z) variation on the spectral reflectance measurement from sediment-laden water was studied in the laboratory using a spectroradiometer. Light source zenith angle in addition to sediment characteristics and concentration play a dominant role in affecting the reflectance characteristics of a suspension. With an increase in θ_z values, an increase in spectral reflectance is observed. The spectral reflectance characteristics of a water body also increase with the sediment concentration for all soil types and at all wavelengths. Empirical relationships between the spectral reflectance, suspended sediment concentration, and the light source zenith angle have been developed. Such a remote sensing technique for monitoring the concentration of the suspended sediment and their characteristics is a useful tool for economical estimation of a large water body’s quality related parameters vis-a-vis its environmental quality.Retd. Professor of Environmental Engineering & Pollution Control, Presently Residing at Makkhan Kutir, Bhargava Lane, Devpura, Haridwar-249401, India.Former Ph.D. student.