Effect of fulvic acid on the photochemical degradation of methylparathion

Photochemical degradation of methylparathion (O,O,–dimethyl O-4 nitrophenylphosphorothioate) in the presence of fulvic acid (FA) between pH 2 and 7 was studied by differential pulse polarography (DPP). Fulvic acid and its photoproducts were not electro-active under the experimental conditions used in this study, and only the pesticide exhibited polarographic signals. Photolysis of methylparathion in acid media was sensitized by fulvic acid since the pesticide did not degrade in the absence of this compound. Methylparathion degradation was observed at each of the studied pHs. The reaction was first-order with rate constant values ranging from 3.3 × 10^?3 to 8.8 × 10^?3min^?1.     

硅基底增透膜典型自然环境适应性评价研究

目的 掌握硅基底增透膜在自然环境中的环境适应性。方法 采用棚下暴露试验方法,开展硅基底增透膜样品自然环境试验。以0.5、1、1.5、2 a为检测周期,测试样品外观形貌、微观形貌、光谱透射比和表面化学成分等性能,根据性能随试验时间和试验环境的退化规律来对硅基底增透膜的环境适应性进行评价。结果 经过0.5 a的湿热雨林(版纳站)、暖湿酸雨(江津站)、寒冷(漠河站)、南海岛礁(永兴岛站)气候环境试验,硅基底增透膜光谱透射比出现少量下降,表面部分区域出现了明显的变色和脱膜,样品已失效。随着试验时间的延长,变色和脱膜区域变多、变大,光谱透射比出现明显下降,尤其是经过2 a南海岛礁气候环境试验后,光谱透射比下降了80%左右。结论 对各性能参数进行比较,硅基底增透膜在南海岛礁气候环境中的环境适应性最差,其次是暖湿酸雨气候环境,再次是湿热雨林气候环境,相对好一点的是寒冷气候环境。     

李家河水库上游水体溶解性有机物组分与来源

以李家河水库上游水体为研究对象,运用三维荧光光谱法解析水体溶解性有机物（DOM）的来源和特性,并探讨了DOM组分干湿季变化特征及影响因素.结果表明,李家河水库上游水体DOM由3个荧光组分组成,分别为类络氨酸（220nm,270nm/300nm）、UVA类腐殖质（250nm/430nm）和类色氨酸（225nm,280nm/335nm）,其中类络氨酸为主要组分,但其含量干湿季变化不大,而UVA类腐殖质和类色氨酸含量呈现出显著的季节差异.荧光特征指数表明,李家河水库上游水体DOM的来源具有显著的陆源特征,其特征在湿季更加显著.水体DOM各荧光组分在干湿季均与TP呈正相关;在湿季,类络氨酸组分与Chl-a、浊度和COD_Mn呈正相关,而在干季无相关性.UVA类腐殖质与DOC在干湿季均存在正相关关系,且在湿季相关性（P<0.01）大于干季（P<0.05）.类色氨酸与COD_Mn相关性也表现出湿季（P<0.01）大于干季（P<0.05）的特征.     

NO3-对二级出水DOM与Cu2+络合作用的光谱特性影响

利用三维荧光光谱法和紫外分光光度法,研究NO₃^-对二级出水DOM与Cu²⁺络合作用的光谱特性和络合能力的影响.随投加NO₃^-浓度增加,二级出水DOM与Cu²⁺络合作用后代表类蛋白质（类色氨酸）物质荧光峰消失,紫外吸收峰右侧红移.投加NO₃^-浓度与二级出水DOM和Cu²⁺络合作用后的HIX、α₃₀₀、α₂₅₀/α₃₆₅、E₃/E₄和UV₂₅₃/UV₂₀₃值呈显著正相关,与BIX显著负相关（r为-0.958~-0.719）,与S_240-400和S_275-295值分别呈指数增加和指数减少关系（R²分别为0.9678~0.9952和0.9965~0.9978）,对FI、α₃₅₀、α₃₅₅和S_350-400值影响较小.二级出水DOM中的紫外光类腐殖质、可见光类腐殖质和高激发波长类色氨酸物质与Cu²⁺作用后的条件稳定常数lgK分别为2.08~2.46,1.84~2.51,2.27~2.57L/mmol,配位荧光官能团比例分别为19.5%~36.5%、22.5%~33.3%和24.4%~29.2%.二级出水DOM中类腐殖质和类蛋白质与Cu²⁺的络合反应强度相差不大,且样品中NO₃^-浓度不同时,用部分荧光参数（HIX）和紫外参数（α₃₀₀、α₂₅₀/α₃₆₅、E₃/E₄、S_240-400和S_275-295）表示DOM的含量、分子性质存在一定的不确定性.     

差速器螺栓失效行为研究

目的研究车辆差速器螺栓失效原因。方法在化学成分、非金属夹杂物、力学性能、金相组织、断口形貌等检测分析的基础上,研究车辆差速器螺栓的失效行为,推断失效原因。结果差速器螺栓化学成分、氢含量、心部硬度及金相组织、材料抗拉强度及屈服强度等均未见明显异常,断口有明显的疲劳断裂特征,螺纹表层存在脱碳现象,脱碳层深度约为0.07 mm。裂纹起始于螺纹根部,裂纹两侧无脱碳现象,螺纹表面及裂纹内部均未见腐蚀产物。结论由于表面脱碳使得差速器螺栓表面硬度及疲劳强度降低,而螺纹根部存在的应力集中使早期裂纹在螺纹根部产生,并在交变载荷作用下进一步扩展,进而最终导致疲劳断裂。     

Incentive mechanisms to enforce sustainable forest exploitation

Using a two-player differential game approach, this paper deals with the issue of tropical deforestation. The assumption is that developing forestry countries (called the South) do not, or cannot, necessarily have the same utility for forest conservation than the developed countries (called the North). Given the global nature of the problem, we assume that it may be wise that the North offers financial support to the South to help in achieving a sustainable forest policy. We derive sustainable and short-run deforestation policies and provide a transfer mechanism which insures that the South will indeed implement the sustainable one.     

Long Period Benzene Measurements in Urban Atmosphere

Periodogram analysis has been used as an interpretative tool of long period measurements of benzene concentration in urban atmosphere. By removing the request of evenly sampled data, the periodogram allows to extend spectral analysis to this kind of data, which usually suffer the "missing data" problem due to instrument vacancies. In this way it is possible to identify the periodic behaviour of data concentration and then reproduce it by means of harmonic functions even for very incomplete experimental information allowing a good evaluation of some important statistical properties of data.     

Study of Aging Characteristics of Ternary Blends of Polyethylenes—II

Six film samples of low-density polypropylene (LDPE)/linear LDPE (LLDPE)/high-density polypropylene (HDPE) with varying ratios of LDPE (20–45 ... wt%) and LLDPE (25–50 wt%) having a fixed amount of HDPE at 30 wt% were prepared by blown film extrusion technique. The samples were aged at four different temperatures, 55°, 70°, 85°, and 100°C, for four different time periods in the interval of between 150 hours and up to 600 hours. The change in the structure of various constituents and the formation of various oxygenated (peroxy and hydroperoxy) and unsaturated groups during thermo-oxidative degradation was discussed by infrared spectroscopy. The visiosity-average molecular weight was found to have decreased slowly in the initial aging hours and temperatures, whereas it decreased by 10% with its previous value tensile strength that is, 100°C when aged for 600 hours. The tensile strength of the sample first increased by 67% at 55°C and 89% at 70°C up to 450 hours, whereas the values increased by 52.5% at 85°C and 33.9% at 100°C when aged for 150 hours and then decreased. The percentage elongation at break increased by 2.7% at 55°C and 10.7% at 70°C for 150 and 300 hours of aging, respectively, whereas the percentage decreased when aged at 85°C and 100°C for up to 600 hours of aging. The values of gel content (percent) increased and initial degradation temperature decreased with aging time and temperature.     

浙江省梅汛期降水与洪涝灾害的长期变化

梅汛期降水是引发浙江省洪涝灾害的重要原因之一.首先,应用相关分析,对浙江省境内57个气象观测站29年来(1971-1999)梅汛期降水的空间分布特征进行了分析,论述了省内不同地区梅汛期降水的长期变化规律.分析发现,这一时期的梅汛期降水明显呈现缓慢增加的趋势,并有着6年和3-4年的显著周期,这说明梅汛期降水可能与ENSO存在着一定的联系.最后,探讨了梅汛期降水异常与洪涝灾害之间的关系.