基于ASD和FISS的植被叶片氮素含量反演研究

地面成像光谱系统能够在更为微观的尺度上满足多元化应用需求,实现对植物群体、单个植株的快速精细探测,获取精细的植被生理参量的空间信息,从而弥补大尺度远距离遥感难以发挥作用的领域。本文采用ASD地物光谱仪和新型地面成像光谱系统FISS,以大豆叶片为研究对象,获取大豆叶片ASD光谱及FISS成像光谱数据,探讨大豆植株叶片的图像特征、反射率光谱、导数光谱、光谱指数等光谱特征变量与叶片氮素含量的相关性,建立植株叶片氮素含量的估算模型。研究结果表明：FISS地面成像光谱仪和ASD地面非成像光谱仪对氮素具有敏感指示的波段区间一致,480~520 nm和680~720 nm区间的波段范围与氮素含量具有较高的相关性;导数光谱特征所得精度要比原始光谱特征所得精度高,说明导数光谱对氮素含量的指示更为敏感,可以更加有效地提取氮素含量信息;反演模型对氮素含量反演精度的影响低于光谱特征对精度的影响。研究表明FISS数据由于其独特的测量方式和图谱合一的特点,可以更加准确地用于植被氮素含量的反演,实现植被叶片氮素含量的快速实时无损监测及图像可视化表达。     

Recovery efficiency of the hydrofluorocarbon (HFC‐134a) by activated carbons of different physicochemical properties

The adsorption characteristics of 1,1,1,2‐tetrafluoroethane (HFC‐134a) on activated carbon were investigated to evaluate the recovery efficiency of HFC‐134a by six activated carbons (two granular activated carbons (GAC1 and GAC2), one high‐surface area activated carbon (HAC), and three activated carbon fibers (ACF10, ACF15, and ACF20)). HFC‐134a adsorption on the activated carbons increased with increase in the specific surface area and pore volume of the activated carbon. The differential heat of the HFC‐134a adsorption decreased with increase in the percentage of the micropore volume to the total pore volume. The adsorption model of HFC‐134a on the activated carbon could be based on the Langmuir model. The constant a of the Langmuir plot of HAC and ACF20 is smaller than GAC1 or GAC2 and ACF10 or ACF15, respectively. The constant W_s of HAC has the largest value. The constant a was correlated to the heat of adsorption. It is concluded that the largest amount of HFC‐134a was adsorbed on HAC, and the least amount of interaction occurred between HFC‐134a and the HAC. The amount of HFC‐134a adsorbed on the activated carbons over time was applied to the Sameshima equation. The adsorption rate constant of HFC‐134a on HAC was the largest. The HAC could be suitable for the recovery of HFC‐134a.     

辅以纹理特征的HJ-CCD海上溢油信息提取 ——以PL19-3溢油为例

鉴于依赖光谱特征的传统溢油信息提取方法面临信息提取精度低的困境,提出采用光谱特征与纹理分析结合的方法应用于溢油监测.选择位于渤海的蓬莱19-3油田溢油事故为研究对象,基于覆盖溢油事故阶段的8景30m分辨率HJ-CCD数据,在溢油目标提取过程中,引入了方向性纹理特征分析,将主成分光谱降维、方向梯度边缘检测等技术相结合,形成了基于光谱与纹理特征的溢油信息提取技术.所述方法经8组数据检验后,用类间分歧度方法进行了对比评价.结果表明:将纹理分析方法应用于溢油信息提取,类间分歧度提高到1.9999,提高了油膜影响边界和油膜厚度分区识别能力.     

On the basic reproduction number and the topological properties of the contact network: An epidemiological study in mainly locally connected cellular automata

We study the spreading of contagious diseases in a population of constant size using susceptible-infective-recovered (SIR) models described in terms of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and probabilistic cellular automata (PCA). In the PCA model, each individual (represented by a cell in the lattice) is mainly locally connected to others. We investigate how the topological properties of the random network representing contacts among individuals influence the transient behavior and the permanent regime of the epidemiological system described by ODE and PCA. Our main conclusions are: (1) the basic reproduction number (commonly called _R0$R_0$) related to a disease propagation in a population cannot be uniquely determined from some features of transient behavior of the infective group; (2) _R0$R_0$ cannot be associated to a unique combination of clustering coefficient and average shortest path length characterizing the contact network. We discuss how these results can embarrass the specification of control strategies for combating disease propagations.     

基于冠层多维光谱的水稻镉污染胁迫诊断模型研究

鉴于镉对水稻各种生理特征参数的影响具有复杂隐蔽性,导致冠层光谱特征变化微小,需要采用一些方法增强和提取隐含在光谱中的污染弱信息.在水稻冠层高光谱数据和各种实测生化参数的支持下,利用主成分分析、独立分量分析和分形分析技术从高光谱遥感数据中提取镉污染弱信息,获取水稻镉污染敏感光谱因子,包括第一主成分F1、独立分量ICA1和光谱分维D.利用3个敏感因子分别构建水稻镉污染一维诊断模型,获得较好的诊断效果.进一步将3个光谱因子进行组合构建二维诊断模型和三维诊断模型,使污染胁迫诊断结果更稳定直观.     

石家庄地区大气细粒子增长特征初步研究

为研究石家庄地区大气细粒子的微物理特征,2010年5月在石家庄市气象局观测站,对大气颗粒物、NOx和SO2进行了外场观测.结果表明:石家庄地区粒径小于1.0μm的大气颗粒物中,0.01~0.1μm粒径范围的粒子所占比例高达89.3%,大气细粒子污染较为严重.0.01~0.02μm和0.02~0.1μm粒径范围的颗粒物具有大致相似的变化规律,且与0.1~1.0μm粒径范围的粒子数浓度变化趋势明显不同.通过对典型粒子增长事件的研究发现,0.01~0.02μm的粒子数浓度在上午8:00左右会急剧升高,并达到全天的最大值.其后,0.01~0.02μm的颗粒物粒径会不断增长,由于增长消耗,其数浓度会迅速下降,使得0.02~0.04μm的粒子数浓度在上午12:00前会迅速升高.通过对气象要素和污染气体的分析,发现在相对湿度较低、风速风向变化不大,太阳辐射增加的情况下,SO2气相成核参与颗粒物增长的可能性较大.     

基于差分吸收光谱法的烟气排放监测实验

差分吸收光谱法是利用气体污染物在UV-VIS波段对光有不同的吸收特性来测量其平均浓度。利用DOAS原理对不同浓度的SO2、NO2、NO气体进行排放监测实验研究,表明:DOAS可消除烟尘颗粒等影响,可应用于气体固定污染源的排放监测,但必须修正温度等因素对差分吸收特性的影响。     

Multiscale Indicators of Land Degradation in the Patagonian Monte,Argentina

Depletion of vegetation by overgrazing in arid environments has long-lasting effects on the environmental quality over extended geographic areas. An adequate inspection of habitat changes requires scaled up procedures that would allow assessing end-points of environmental status in broad areas that would be based on processes occurring at the plant canopy level. Our purpose was to find indicators of land degradation–conservation status for use in land monitoring programs and in planning management practices that would be amenable to further up-scaling for use with remotely sensed imagery. In several sites of the Patagonian Monte differing in the impact of grazing management, we evaluated vegetation attributes at three spatial scales. At the population scale, we found that the severity of grazing impact was characterized by the reduction of the palatable grass, P. ligularis, outside and inside shrub canopies. At the vegetation patch scale, we found that land degradation by domestic herbivore impact was characterized by changes in attributes of patch shape (radius, height, internal canopy cover) and patch abundance. At the plant community scale, we found that the structure of the plant canopy as described using Fourier analysis of cover data changed after long-term grazing impact consistently with the modifications in plant population and patch structures. We present a conceptual multiscale scenario of structural changes triggered by domestic herbivore impact, and quantitative indicators of plant structure and processes useful to develop management strategies of the Patagonian-Monte that would conserve its natural habitats. The developed end-points are also amenable for use in land conservation assessment through remotely sensed imagery.     

Multicolour spectral karyotyping for complex chromosomal rearrangements in repeated abortion or congenital anomalies

Advances in molecular cytogenetics, especially the technique of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), have allowed more precise definition of chromosomal structures, which are difficult to identify using conventional G-banding. Recently, a novel approach based on hybridization of 24 fluorescent-labelled chromosome painting probes was developed, termed spectral karyotyping (SKY), which allows the simultaneous and differential colour display of all human chromosomes. We have used SKY to identify not only five parental complex translocation carriers but also minute chromosome rearrangements in the fetus. Here, we concentrate attention on the clinical application of SKY for prenatal diagnosis. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

ASSESSMENT OF SAMPLING ERROR ASSOCIATED WITH SOIL MOISTURE ESTIMATION DESIGNS1

A spectral formalism was developed and applied to quantify the sampling errors due to spatial and/or temporal gaps in soil moisture measurements. A design filter was developed to compute the sampling errors for discrete measurements in space and time. This filter has as its advantage a general form applicable to various types of sampling design. The lack of temporal measurements of the two‐dimensional soil moisture field made it difficult to compute the spectra directly from observed records. Therefore, the wave number frequency spectra of soil moisture data derived from stochastic models of rainfall and soil moisture were used. Parameters for both models were estimated using data from the Southern Great Plains Hydrology Experiment (SGP97) and the Oklahoma Mesonet. The estimated sampling error of the spatial average soil moisture measurement by airborne L‐band microwave remote sensing during the SGP97 hydrology experiment is estimated to be 2.4 percent. Under the same climate conditions and soil properties as the SGP97 experiment, equally spaced ground probe networks at intervals of 25 and 50 km are expected to have about 16 percent and 27 percent sampling error, respectively. Satellite designs with temporal gaps of two and three days are expected to have about 6 percent and 9 percent sampling errors, respectively.