减推力起飞对NOx排放影响计算方法研究

伴随着航空公司对未来几年氮氧化物(NOx)排放量增长的预测,量化机场NOx排放量日益重要。根据国际民航组织认证的发动机排放数据,在研究推力对NOx排放的影响时,通常模拟4个推力级别:100%(起飞阶段)、85%(爬坡阶段)、30%(进近阶段)、7%(慢车阶段)。美国联邦航空局设计了模型——排放和扩散模拟系统,利用该模型对4个阶段分别进行模拟。结果表明,飞机在最大推力时产生的NOx量最多。分析了起飞阶段减推力下起飞对机场年NOx排放量的影响,通过排放和扩散模拟系统,研究了一系列算法,用于预测推力与NOx排放量的关系。     

Analysis of gas dispersion and ventilation within a comprehensive CAD model of an offshore platform via computational fluid dynamics

Maintaining an adequate air flow with a desired air quality that is free from hazardous gases is among the most important actions taken toward the improvement of safety in any process plant. Due to the increased focus on the consequences of existing hazardous material on safety, health, and the environment, air quality and sufficient ventilation within a plant has been increasingly considered in the design stage. This paper investigates and analyzes methane and hydrogen sulfite dispersion and the effect of air ventilation within a CAD model of an offshore platform using computation fluids dynamics (CFD). In addition, this method and its principals could be utilized in any other hazardous environment. Simulations of possible hazardous events along with solutions for preventing or reducing their probability are presented to better assess the data. These investigations are performed by considering hypothetical hazardous scenarios which consist of gas leakages from pipes and process equipment under different conditions. After drafting a precise and highly detailed CAD model of the plant and performing CFD simulations on this model, the results of gas behaviors, dispersion, distribution, accumulation, and its possible hazards are investigated and analyzed. The larger amount of details of the actual plant model in CFD simulation are obtained by using a combination of different methods and software. These include PDMS for 3-D drawing of the plan, Rinoceros for geometrical integration of the process equipment and facilities, and Sharc Harpoon which meshes the model. Moreover, the probability of inducing ignitable or toxic concentration of gases within the atmosphere and air ventilation of the unit is considered by these investigations.     

A pilot study on the effect of Cu,Zn, and Cd on the spectral curves and chlorophyll of wheat canopy at tiller stage

The aim of this study was to investigate canopy spectral reflectance responses to different levels of heavy metals copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) induced stress. Random blocks design experiment was conducted to simulate Cu, Zn, and Cd at five concentration levels. Chlorophyll and visible and near infrared canopy reflectance were measured for each treatment 56 days after seeding using chlorophyll meter SPAD-502 and spectroradiometer, respectively. New vegetative indices termed ratio of inclination angles (RIA), MERIS (the medium resolution imaging spectrometer) terrestrial chlorophyll index (MTCI), and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were used to assess the response of canopy spectral reflectance to different heavy metal levels. Significant spectral variability especially in blue, red, and near infrared reflectance was observed for different heavy metal treatments. One-sample test showed significant difference for NDVI, MTCI, and RIA among five-level treatments at the 0.01 level. Correlation analysis demonstrated that the two vegetative indices (RIA and MTCI) were significantly correlated with chlorophyll meter values for Cd, Cu, and Zn treatments. However, NDVI was only significantly correlated with chlorophyll meter values for Cu and Zn treatments. Linear regression analysis also illustrated that RIA and MTCI were potential indices for predicting chlorophyll concentration with significant F test under Cu-, Zn-, and Cd-mediated stress.     

微纳米气液分散体系吸收NO

以模拟烟气为气源,去离子水为水源,通过微纳米气泡发生器形成微纳米气液分散体系,吸收模拟烟气中的NO,考察了多种因素对脱硝率(η)和气相体积总传质系数(KGa)的影响,分析了微纳米气液分散体系吸收NO的反应机理。结果表明:η和KGa随着进气NO体积分数和十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)质量浓度的提高而下降;随着吸收液初始pH的提高先降低后升高;随着进气O_2体积分数的增大而提高;随着吸收液温度的升高先提高后降低;控制进气NO体积分数为0.06%时,在吸收液初始pH为2.0、吸收剂为去离子水、吸收液温度为25℃、进气O_2体积分数为10%的最佳条件下,脱硝率可达81.0%。微纳米气液分散体系是通过产生羟基自由基从而对NO进行氧化吸收的。     

An alternative CFD tool for gas dispersion modelling of heavy gas

The numerical simulation of gas dispersion is of great importance in various areas of engineering such as optimisation, synthesis of chemical process, petroleum industry and process safety. The OpenFOAM (Open Field Operation and Manipulation) code is a free and open source computational fluid dynamics (CFD) program. The current research is focused on the development and customisation of a computational tool for handling gas dispersion of heavy gases, such a LNG and CO₂. The novel CFD tool relies on OpenFOAM framework. The core of the work is based on the OpenFOAM solver rhoReactingBuoyantFoam to handle gas dispersion. A series of CFD simulations has been performed for methane and CO₂. The source term of the former is modelled by HSM (Hybrid Switch Model). The model comprises contribution from HEM (Homogeneous Equilibrium Model) approach, frozen model and non-equilibrium model for CO₂ leak. The novel approach switches between equilibrium and non-equilibrium conditions based on the meta-stable parameter on the grounds of thermodynamics and experimental observations. Good agreement with experimental data is observed. Numerical findings for methane leakage from the proposed CFD tool are compared with experimental data and FLACS. Good agreement is observed.     

FRESH GROUND WATER STORED IN AQUIFERS UNDER THE CONTINENTAL SHELF: IMPLICATIONS FROM A DEEP TEST,NANTUCKET ISLAND,MASSACHUSETTS1

ABSTRACT: A deep water-resource and stratigraphic test well near the center of Nantucket Island, about 40 miles (64 km) off the New England Coast, has encountered freshwater at greater depth than predicted by the Ghyben-Herzberg principle. An uppermost lens of fresh-water, which occupies relatively permeable glacial-outwash sand and gravel to a depth of 520 ft. (158 m), is probably in hydrodynamic equilibrium with the present level of the sea and the height of the water table. However, two zones of freshwater between 730-820 ft. (222-250 m) and 900-930 ft. (274-283 m) are anomalously deep. A third zone extending from 1150-1500 ft. (350-457 m) contains slightly salty ground water (2 to 3 parts per thousand dissolved solids). Several explanations are possible, but the most likely is that large areas of the Continental Shelf were exposed to recharge by precipitation during long periods of low sea level in Pleistocene time. After the last retreat of glacial ice, seawater rapidly drowned the shelf around Nantucket Island. Since then, about 8000 years ago, the deep freshwater zones which underlie dense clay layers have not had time to adjust to a new equilibrium. Under similar circumstances freshwater may remain trapped under extensive areas of the Continental Shelf wherever clay confining beds have not permitted saltwater to intrude rapidly to new positions of hydrodynamic equilibrium. The implications are far reaching because all continental shelfs were exposed to similar hydrologic influences during Pleistocene time.     

MIXING INDUCED BY AN INTERNAL HYDRAULIC JUMP1

ABSTRACT The efficiency of an inverted internal hydraulic jump as a mixing and dispersion mechanism in an aquatic environment was examined. The flow considered was a two-dimensional buoyant flow from a shallow channel over a sloping bottom into a deep reservoir. It could be seen that a rapidly varied flow associated with violent turbulent mixing occurred near the point of discharge if specific discharge conditions and downstream controls were met. Downstream from the mixing zone the flow was stably stratified. The main object of the study was to find the conditions under which a turbulent mixing zone occurred and the rate of turbulent entrainment. Energy loss and length of the mixing zone were also investigated. The independent variables were the outlet densimetric Froude number, the density differential between outfall water and receiving water, the relative depths of the upper and lower layers in the stratified flow portion, the total depth, and the slope of the transition. Theoretical calculations had to be confined to a step increase in depth, but experiments in a laboratory flume showed that results obtained with slopes of 23° and 90° were quite similar. Both theory and experiments showed, for example, that dilution (entrainment rates) up to 2:1 (2 parts heated water to one part cold water) can be achieved at very little energy expense and with downstream depths approximately 8 times the outlet depth. Theoretically, any amount of dilution can be obtained, but large depths may be required. Experimental results also indicate that the length of the mixing zone was frequently ten times the value of the outlet densimetric Froude number.     

瑞利波法在检验复合地基效果中的应用

应用弹性波理论研究场地土物理特征,以瑞利波的基本原理与理论解释为基础,提出用瑞利波法测定场地土力学参数。该方法具有快速、经济、不受场地条件影响等特点,其成果与反映整个场地平面的原位测试结果几乎一致。实例分析说明了该法的实用性与可靠性,同时提出采用瑞利波法普查结合少数几组荷载板试验的方法,对整个场地的检测与评价将更为全面、准确和客观。     

Validation of two air quality models for Indian mining conditions

All major mining activity particularly opencast mining contributes to the problem of suspended particulate matter (SPM)directly or indirectly. Therefore, assessment and prediction are required to prevent and minimize the deterioration of SPM due tovarious opencast mining operations. Determination of emission rate of SPM for these activities and validation of air quality models are the first and foremost concern. In view of the above, the study was taken up for determination of emission rate for SPMto calculate emission rate of various opencast mining activitiesand validation of commonly used two air quality models for Indianmining conditions. To achieve the objectives, eight coal and three iron ore mining sites were selected to generate site specific emission data by considering type of mining, method of working, geographical location, accessibility and above all resource availability. The study covers various mining activitiesand locations including drilling, overburden loading and unloading, coal/mineral loading and unloading, coal handling orscreening plant, exposed overburden dump, stock yard, workshop, exposed pit surface, transport road and haul road. Validation of the study was carried out through Fugitive Dust Model (FDM) and Point, Area and Line sources model (PAL2) by assigning the measured emission rate for each mining activity, meteorologicaldata and other details of the respective mine as an input to the models. Both the models were run separately for the same set ofinput data for each mine to get the predicted SPM concentrationat three receptor locations for each mine. The receptor locationswere selected such a way that at the same places the actual filedmeasurement were carried out for SPM concentration. Statisticalanalysis was carried out to assess the performance of the modelsbased on a set measured and predicted SPM concentration data. The value of coefficient of correlation for PAL2 and FDM was calculated to be 0.990-0.994 and 0.966-0.997, respectively, which shows a fairly good agreement between measured and predicted values of SPM concentration. The average index of agreement values for PAL2 and FDM was found to be 0.665 and0.752, respectively, which represents that the prediction by PAL2 and FDM models are accurate by 66.5 and 75.2%, respectively. These indicate that FDM model is more suited for Indian mining conditions.     

Dispersion of Pollutants in Street Canyon under Traffic Induced Flow and Turbulence

A 3-D Eulerian-Lagrangian approach to moving vehicles is presented that takes into account the traffic induced flow rate and turbulence. The method is applied to pollutants dispersion in a street canyon. The approach is based on CFD calculations using Eulerian approach to the continuous phase and Lagrangian approach to the "discrete phase" of moving objects - vehicles. A commercial CFD code StarCD was used into which the Lagrangian model was integrated. As an example a street canyon is taken into consideration. It has the length of 50 m and the aspect ratio of 1.27. The speed of wind was assigned values of 4, 7 and 12 m/s at the altitude of 300 m. The total height of the domain is 115 m. In the study different traffic situations are considered, namely one-way and two-way traffic with different traffic rates per lane. The predictions show that different traffic situations affect pollutants dispersion in the street canyon and that there are also differences in the pollutants dispersion in case of one- and two-way traffic.