On the non-monotonic wind influence on flammable gas cloud from CFD simulations for hazardous area classification

Hazardous areas are defined as a result of a variety of variables as storage temperature, pressure, leak orifice size, physical properties of flammable substance, and wind characteristics. The potential formation of an explosive atmosphere must be accurately assessed to ensure process safety. Therefore, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) arises as an important tool for accurate predictions as recommended by the international standard IEC 60079-10-1 (2015). This study aims to analyze the influence of wind velocity magnitude and direction on the hazardous area classification. The authors evaluated the extent and volume for methane, propane, and hydrogen leakages from a CFD model. For each flammable gas, the wind velocity magnitude and direction were regularly varied. The outcomes show that the behavior of the plume size as the wind varies mainly depends on the gas concentration. Counter-flow wind directions lead to zero relative velocity closer to the release point, which concentrates the gas, and wind in the release direction promotes a higher dilution of the gas cloud increasing the hazardous extent while decreases the volume. As a consequence, the wind also influences the zone type, which was accurately predicted from CFD simulations and significant differences were found when compared to the standard analyses. These differences are, to some extent, related to the consideration of wind velocity effects on the gas jet release.     

A study of the atmospheric dispersion of a high release of krypton-85 above a complex coastal terrain, comparison with the predictions of Gaussian models (Briggs, Doury, ADMS4)

Atmospheric releases of krypton-85, from the nuclear fuel reprocessing plant at the AREVA NC facility at La Hague (France), were used to test Gaussian models of dispersion. In 2001-2002, the French Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN) studied the atmospheric dispersion of 15 releases, using krypton-85 as a tracer for plumes emitted from two 100-m-high stacks. Krypton-85 is a chemically inert radionuclide. Krypton-85 air concentration measurements were performed on the ground in the downwind direction, at distances between 0.36 and 3.3 km from the release, by neutral or slightly unstable atmospheric conditions. The standard deviation for the horizontal dispersion of the plume and the Atmospheric Transfer Coefficient (ATC) were determined from these measurements. The experimental results were compared with calculations using first generation (Doury, Briggs) and second generation (ADMS 4.0) Gaussian models. The ADMS 4.0 model was used in two configurations; one takes account of the effect of the built-up area, and the other the effect of the roughness of the surface on the plume dispersion. Only the Briggs model correctly reproduced the measured values for the width of the plume, whereas the ADMS 4.0 model overestimated it and the Doury model underestimated it. The agreement of the models with measured values of the ATC varied according to distance from the release point. For distances less than 2 km from the release point, the ADMS 4.0 model achieved the best agreement between model and measurement; beyond this distance, the best agreement was achieved by the Briggs and Doury models.     

大别山五针松种群结构及动态研究

大别山五针松(Pinus dabeshanensis)是大别山区特有种,最大种群分布于安徽省岳西县大王沟。采用空间序列代替时间的方法分析种群结构,编制种群特定时间生命表,绘制死亡率曲线和消失率曲线,并用4个生存函数进行种群的生存分析;同时结合谱分析方法,分析了大别山五针松种群数量的动态变化。结果表明:大别山五针松种群数量少,结构存在波动性。幼苗阶段个体较丰富,幼树阶段个体较少,种群趋于衰退。种群死亡率和消失率曲线变化趋势基本一致,在第5龄级出现峰值。4个生存函数曲线表明,大别山五针松具有前期快速减少、中期稳定和后期衰退的特点。谱分析显示,大别山五针松种群动态除受基波影响外,还具有明显的小周期波动,谐波A3和A4处的周期波动与个体生长有关。     

厌氧污泥性质对超声破解效率的影响

超声破解是污泥溶胞-隐性生长处理的一种重要前处理手段,破解效果受到超声条件及污泥性质的影响。以厌氧污泥破解后溶解性化学需氧量的增加值和污泥溶出破解率为评价指标,通过不同性质的厌氧污泥超声破解实验,探讨不同的污泥性质对厌氧污泥破解效果的影响,为厌氧污泥的下一步隐性生长处理提供良好条件。控制在超声频率为20kHz,超声声能密度1.2 W/mL,超声辐照时间20 min的条件下进行破解实验,实验结果表明,污泥的初始温度、pH值和污泥浓度等参数对厌氧污泥破解效率影响较大。     

A method for the analysis of organophosphorus pesticide residues in Mexican axolotl

A method based on matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) was developed for quantitative extraction of three organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) from the Mexican axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum. The determination was carried out using high- performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode array spectrophotometric UV detection (DAD). The MSPD extraction with octadecylsilyl (C18) sorbent combined with a silica gel clean-up and acetonitrile elution was optimised for chlorpyrifos, fenthion and methyl parathion. The method was validated, yielding recovery values higher than 90%. The precision, expressed as the relative standard deviation (RSD), was less than or equal to 6% in muscle samples at spiking levels of 10 and 5 ppm. Linearity was studied from 15 to 60 ppm for chlorpyrifos and fenthion, and from 7.5 to 30 ppm for methyl parathion. The limits of detection (LODs) were found to be less than or equal to 0.5 ppm_.This method was applied to the analysis of samples from a chlorpyrifos-exposed axolotl, demonstrating its use as an analytical tool for toxicological studies.     

Effects of Strength and Position of Pollutant Source on Pollutant Dispersion Within an Urban Street Canyon

A two-dimensional numerical model for simulating airflow and pollutant dispersion inside an urban street canyon was first developed using the FLUENT code, and then it was validated against a wind tunnel experiment. Then the effects of strength and position of pollutant sources on pollutant dispersion within an urban street canyon were investigated numerically. The numerical results showed that the dimensionless pollutant concentrations within the urban street canyon were independent from the source strength. The results also revealed that the pollutant distributions inside the urban street canyon with a two-lane road were influenced significantly by the positions of the two sources: 1) the closer the two sources were to the street center of the canyon, the lower the pollutant concentrations on the leeward wall and at the human respiration level in the leeward footpath became; 2) the pollutant concentrations on the windward wall and at the human respiration level in the windward footpath were not sensitive to the locations of the two sources as long as the source on the windward lane was situated outside the small recirculation zone at the bottom corner of the canyon windward wall; 3) the pollutant concentrations on the lower parts of the windward and leeward walls as well as in the two footpaths increased greatly when the two sources were moved from outside into the small recirculation zones.     

聚(苯乙烯-甲基丙烯酸)复合磁性微球的吸附性能

以共沉淀法制备纳米Fe3O4,通过分散聚合法制备了磁性聚(苯乙烯-甲基丙烯酸)(Fe3O4@P(St-MMA))微球,采用光学显微镜、红外光谱、样品磁力振荡计和X射线衍射(XRD)对磁性微球进行了表征。考察了复合磁性微球在不同的p H、离子强度和吸附时间等条件下对其吸附性能的影响,运用吸附动力学和吸附等温线研究了磁性微球对亚甲基蓝的表面吸附机理。结果表明,制备的磁性微球粒径在100~200μm之间,表面含有羧基,饱和磁化强度为9.44 emu/g,在外加磁场的作用下能够快速分离出来。亚甲基蓝的吸附符合准二级动力学模型,在100 min内基本达到吸附平衡;25℃下,最大吸附量高达144.9 mg/g,且吸附随着p H值的升高而增加,当p H7时,吸附量基本不变;随着离子强度增加,吸附量逐渐下降;Langmuir等温线能比较好地拟合磁性微球对溶液中亚甲基蓝的吸附。     

基于磁性多壁碳纳米管的涡旋辅助分散基质固相萃取-高效液相色谱检测水中双酚A

针对分散基质固相萃取中吸附剂与液相难以彻底分离等问题,合成磁性多壁碳纳米管作为吸附剂,结合液相色谱检测,建立了基于涡旋辅助磁性分散基质固相萃取检测水中双酚A的分析方法。磁性多壁碳纳米管与液相可以实现简便、彻底的分离,省略分散基质固相萃取中的过滤或离心步骤。在优化条件下,方法检出限为0.02μg/L,线性范围为0.05~10μg/L(r=0.999 2)。将该方法用于实际水样的分析,相对回收率为89.6%。     

太原煤化工区有毒气体泄漏环境风险分析

针对太原煤化工区氯气、氨气和光气这3种泄漏风险最高的有毒气体的事故条件,采用非定常的CALPUFF大气扩散模式进行了一整年的事故扩散模拟.获得逐时次事故扩散浓度场并分析3种污染物泄漏的全年平均风险及各季变化.结果定量描述了氯气、氨气和光气的致死浓度、中毒浓度和刺激浓度的全年及各季平均风险范围,并分析了不同有毒气体风险范围的差异及四季变化的原因.     

太湖典型草、藻型湖区有色可溶性有机物的吸收及荧光特性

2004年4月对太湖典型草、藻型湖区东太湖和梅梁湾有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)的吸收和荧光特性进行了研究.通过实验测定方法得到东太湖和梅梁湾CDOM的光谱吸收系数及其荧光值.结果表明,溶解性有机碳(DOC)的浓度在6.3～17.2 mg/L间变化,其均值为9.08±2.66 mg/L;CDOM在280 nm和355 nm的吸收系数分别为11.2～32.6 m^-1(平均值17.46m-1±5.75 m^-1)和2.4m～8.3 m^-1(平均值4.17 m^-1±1.47 m^-1);355 nm波长处CDOM的比吸收系数为0.31～0.64 L·(mg·m)^-1,平均值0.46L·(mg·m)^-1±0.08 L·(mg·m)^-1.355 nm的激发波长、450 nm的发射波长处的荧光值的变化范围0.50～3.91 nm^-1(平均值1.32nm-1±0.84 nm^-1).2类草、藻型湖区的DOC浓度、CDOM吸收系数、355 nm处荧光值均存在显著性差异,但CDOM比吸收系数和指数函数斜率则没有显著性差异,由此则反映了CDOM来源的一致性.CDOM的吸收系数与DOC浓度的相关性随波长的降低而增加,在短波部分存在明显的正相关.355 nm处的荧光值、DOC浓度与CDOM吸收系数存在如下显著性的正相关关系:F_n(355)=0.544(±0.035)a(355)-0.946(±0.152),DOC=1.537(±0.196)a(355)+2.683(±0.862).280～500 nm、280～360 nm、360～440 nm指数函数斜率分别为14.37μm^-1±0.73μm^-1、19.17μm-1±0.84μm^-1、13.38μm-1±0.82μm^-1.