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261.
受山区起伏地形和不均匀下垫面的强烈影响,低层大气在水平和垂直两个方向上形成特殊的风场和温度场,污染物的输送和扩散规律比平原复杂的多.探索山区大气扩散规律是一项重要的研究课题,也是空气环境影响中急待解决的一个问题.本文通过对山区大气扩散特点的研究,在平坦地形大气扩散规律高斯模式的基础上,提出了较典型情况下的地形大气扩散修正公式,并通过模拟计算结果的比较,得出了公式的预测效果. 相似文献
262.
有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)是溶解性有机物中能强烈吸收紫外辐射及蓝光的那部分有机物,并在碳、氮、磷等生源要素生物地球化学循环中起着重要的作用.开展富营养化湖泊CDOM来源、组成结构和空间变化趋势的相关研究,有利于更好地揭示湖泊生源要素循环机制,服务于蓝藻水华控制和湖泊水质改善.本文基于对不同水文情景下太湖和周边连通的51条河流CDOM光谱吸收及三维荧光光谱测定与分析,揭示太湖CDOM光谱组成对不同水文情景的响应机制.结果表明,丰水期溶解有机碳浓度均值(8. 11±1. 26) mg·L~(-1),显著大于枯水期均值(3. 53±1. 19) mg·L~(-1)(t-test,P 0. 01),而丰水期CDOM吸收光谱斜率S_(275~295)均值(19. 09±1. 81)μm~(-1),显著小于枯水期的(20. 89±1. 90)μm~(-1)(t-test,P 0. 001).平行因子分析法对CDOM荧光图谱进行解析得到3个组分,且各组分受到上游来水量的影响较大,丰水期陆源类腐殖酸的荧光强度及占总荧光强度比重较枯水期显著增大.叶绿素a与化学需氧量与陆源腐殖质和类色氨酸均呈显著正相关(P 0. 01),这表明陆源生活污水及藻死亡降解产生的CDOM可能是太湖CDOM库的重要潜在来源.溶解氧浓度与3种荧光组成均呈现显著负相关(P 0. 01),说明CDOM不同组分均为微生物活动的重要基质.本研究结果还发现溶解性有机碳浓度与陆源类腐殖酸组分荧光强度呈极显著线性正相关(r~2=0. 58,P 0. 001),表明太湖溶解性有机碳主要以外源输入为主. 相似文献
263.
Marlies Hrad Erwin Binner Martin Piringer Marion Huber-Humer 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2014,34(12):2445-2453
An inverse dispersion technique in conjunction with Open-Path Tunable-Diode-Laser-Spectroscopy (OP-TDLS) and meteorological measurements was applied to characterise methane (CH4) emissions from an Austrian open-windrow composting plant treating source-separated biowaste. Within the measurement campaigns from July to September 2012 different operating conditions (e.g. before, during and after turning and/or sieving events) were considered to reflect the plant-specific process efficiency. In addition, the tracer technique using acetylene (C2H2) was applied during the measurement campaigns as a comparison to the dispersion model. Plant-specific methane emissions varied between 1.7 and 14.3 g CH4/m3d (1.3–10.7 kg CH4/h) under real-life management assuming a rotting volume of 18,000 m3. In addition, emission measurements indicated that the turning frequency of the open windrows appears to be a crucial factor controlling CH4 emissions when composting biowaste. The lowest CH4 emission was measured at a passive state of the windrows without any turning event (“standstill” and “sieving of matured compost”). Not surprisingly, higher CH4 emissions occurred during turning events, which can be mainly attributed to the instant release of trapped CH4. Besides the operation mode, the meteorological conditions (e.g. wind speed, atmospheric stability) may be further factors that likely affect the release of CH4 emissions at an open windrow system. However, the maximum daily CH4 emissions of 1 m3 rotting material of the composting plant are only 0.7–6.5% of the potential daily methane emissions released from 1 m3 of mechanically–biologically treated (MBT) waste being landfilled according to the required limit values given in the Austrian landfill ordinance. 相似文献
264.
Water curtain system has been proved an effective mitigation measurement for ammonia spill dispersion. Calculating of ammonia cloud concentration with water curtain was less studied. This paper presents a steady-state calculation model to calculate open and forced ammonia spill dispersion. The formula of ammonia absorption was built and integrated into the calculation model. The calculated downwind ammonia concentrations for open and forced spill dispersion were reproduced and compared with literature using a statistical method. In addition, the relationship between ammonia concentration in water droplet and the droplet diameter was studied. The results display that the formula of ammonia absorption is suitable for calculating mass transfer process between the ammonia cloud and the water curtain. The calculation model presents good performances for open and forced ammonia spill dispersion. This study indicates that the calculation model can be satisfactory in determining the impact of open and forced ammonia spill dispersion and the design of water curtain mitigation system. 相似文献
265.
Zhou Kezhao 《环境科学学报(英文版)》1993,5(1):67-75
A modified Fickian plug-flow/dispersion model (P/D model) is developed in this study. In P/D model, the flow process is divided into two belts, plug flow belt and dispersion belt. P/D model is very similar to Fickian model and rather perfect. The prediction by P/D model can be always consistent with experimental data in river, flume, and pond, even though the data are much skew. Therefore, P/D model is better than Fickian model and other dispersion models. 相似文献
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268.
本文提出了一个优化地面水监测断面的新方法-最小离差平方和法。该方法采用的基本原理是在保证水质监测的代表性和可靠性的前提下,使优化前后水质监测总均值的离差平方和最小。这样不仅使优化后的断面保证了代表性,而且使整个水体的监测数据具有一定的延续性。该方法在松花江吉林江段上应用是成功的。 相似文献
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