Imposed and inherent scales in cellular automata models of habitat

Both observational and modelling studies of the natural environment are characterised by their ‘grain’ and ‘extent’, the smallest and largest scales represented in time and space. These are imposed scales that should be chosen to ensure that the natural scales of the system are captured in the study. A simple cellular automata model of habitat represents only the presence or absence of vegetation, with global and local interactions described by four empirical parameters. Such a model can be formulated as a nonlinear Markov equation for the habitat probability. The equation produces inherent space and time scales that may be considered as transition scales or the scales for recovery from disturbance. However, if the resolution of the model is changed, the empirical parameters must be changed to preserve the properties of the system. Further, changes in the spatial resolution lead to different interpretations of the spatial structure. In particular, as the resolution is reduced, the apparent dominance of one habitat type over the other increases. The model provides an ability to compare both field and model investigations conducted at different resolutions in time and space.     

Criteria for equitable allocations: the heart of international water conflict

At the heart of most international water conflicts is the question of 'equitable' allocations, criteria for which are vague and often contradictory. However, application of an equitable water-sharing agreement along the volatile waterways of the globe is a prerequisite to hydropolitical stability. This article explores the question of equity measures for water-sharing agreements in the context of global hydropolitics and is divided into three parts. The Introduction provides a brief summary of the general principles of equitable allocations. The second part of the paper describes the practice of water resources allocations as exemplified in the Transboundary Freshwater Dispute Database - a computerized database of 149 treaties relating to international water resources compiled at Oregon State University; 49 of these treaties delineate specific water allocations. The third and fourth parts of the article contrast the principles and practice of water equity. It is noticeable how rarely the general principles are explicitly invoked, particularly the extreme principles of absolute sovereignty or absolute riverain integrity. Most treaties favor existing uses, and/or guarantees to downstream riparians. It is interesting that, while many international water negotiations begin with differing legal interpretations of rights, they often shift to a needs-based criteria for water allocations. Mostly, one is struck by the creativity of the negotiators in addressing specific language to each very specific local setting and concerns.     

天目湖流域DOM和CDOM光学特性的对比

对2011年1—12月天目湖流域河流及湖体中DOM(可溶性有机物)、CDOM(有色可溶性有机物)的光学特性进行了研究,对比分析了河流和湖体DOM、CDOM的a₃₅₀(350 nm处的吸收系数)、S280~500(280~500 nm波段指数函数拟合曲线斜率)、S_R(光谱斜率比)以及M(a₂₅₀/a₃₆₅)值. 结果表明,天目湖流域a₃₅₀(CDOM)/a₃₅₀(DOM)的年均值为0.856 4,说明CDOM对光的吸收占主导. 河流DOM、CDOM的a₃₅₀年均值分别为(4.24±1.89)、(3.40±1.48)m-1,明显大于湖体的(2.42±0.84)、(2.22±0.83)m-1,表明外源河流输入是天目湖中DOM的主要来源. 河流DOM、CDOM的S280~500年均值分别为(15.98±0.83)、(17.96±0.81)μm-1,湖体的分别为(19.20±1.65)、(20.34±1.73)μm-1;河流的S280~500及S_R均显著低于湖体,表明天目湖流域河流和湖体中CDOM的组成存在明显差异. 天目湖流域DOM与CDOM的M值与S280~500呈显著线性相关,河流DOM与CDOM的M值年均值分别为(5.54±0.81)、(6.54±0.95),显著小于湖体的(7.54±0.98)、(8.28±1.23),表明湖体中的DOM分子较小. 受人类活动、土地利用、降雨径流等因素影响,天目湖流域DOM、CDOM的丰度及光学特性均呈明显的季节性差异,a₃₅₀与S_R在DOM与CDOM中表现的季节性差异较为一致,可以相互参考.      

基于交叉谱分析的气象干旱与农业干旱滞后响应研究

为解决干旱问题、实现区域的早期干旱预测,该文对山东省区域应用交叉谱方法分析气象干旱与农业干旱之间的联系.首先,选取1982-2014年的NDVI和降水量日数据进行5 d平均,采用Savitzky-Golay滤波对NDVI时间序列重建;其次,根据山东省降水量的时空特征,将1 a划分湿润期和干旱期两个阶段;最后,采用NDV...     

平稳地震地面运动改进金井清谱的相关函数模型

胡聿贤平稳地震地面运动谱模型是对Kanai-Tajimi模型的一种改进。通过数学推导证明胡聿贤谱是将基岩地震动模拟为过滤白谱过程,经具有某种特性的线性单自由度土层滤波后而形成的,从而在物理上解释了胡聿贤模型的合理性;研究了低频截止频率的作用,推导出胡聿贤模型的相关函数的表达式。本文所得结果可为结构随机地震反应时域分析提供基础。     

大别山五针松种群结构及动态研究

大别山五针松(Pinus dabeshanensis)是大别山区特有种,最大种群分布于安徽省岳西县大王沟。采用空间序列代替时间的方法分析种群结构,编制种群特定时间生命表,绘制死亡率曲线和消失率曲线,并用4个生存函数进行种群的生存分析;同时结合谱分析方法,分析了大别山五针松种群数量的动态变化。结果表明:大别山五针松种群数量少,结构存在波动性。幼苗阶段个体较丰富,幼树阶段个体较少,种群趋于衰退。种群死亡率和消失率曲线变化趋势基本一致,在第5龄级出现峰值。4个生存函数曲线表明,大别山五针松具有前期快速减少、中期稳定和后期衰退的特点。谱分析显示,大别山五针松种群动态除受基波影响外,还具有明显的小周期波动,谐波A3和A4处的周期波动与个体生长有关。     

Retention time profiling of all 136 tetra- through octa- chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans on a variety of Si-Arylene gas chromatographic stationary phases

The applicability of three different Silphenylene Silicone co-polymer (Si-Arylene) GC stationary phases (J&W Scientific DB-5ms, Varian VF-5ms, and VF-Xms) has been evaluated for the separation of all 136 tetra- through the octa- chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and chlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) from closely eluting isomers using gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry (GC/HRMS). Their relative performance data are compared to the “conventional” 5% diphenyl 95% dimethylpolysiloxane GC column (Supelco Equity-5) and to each other based on absolute retention times, visualized mass chromatograms, and the separation of 2,3,7,8-substituted isomers. VF-Xms GC column was able to demonstrate a better performance towards separation of 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/PCDF compared to other Si-Arylene GC columns tested, where only 2,3,4,7,8-PnCDF can not be resolved from 1,2,3,6,9-PnCDF and 2,3,4,6,7,8-/1,2,3,6,8,9-HxCDF and 1,2,3,7,8,9-/1,2,3,4,8,9-HxCDF can be at least partially resolved. These data suggest that the development of a single GC column for the separation of all 17 2,3,7,8-substituted dioxins and furans is feasible, which therefore could be used as a standard tool for the PCDD/PCDF methods globally including USEPA methods 1613b, 8290A, 8280B, European Standard Method EN 1948, Canadian methods DFPCB-E3418, EPS 1/RM/19, Japanese methods JIS K0311 and JIS K0312. Having one specific GC column to separate all 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/PCDF will significantly improve the data quality, comparability by the various methods and assessment techniques while simultaneously leading to a more cost and time efficient operation.     

Large‐Scale Fine‐Resolution Hydrological Modeling Using Parameter Regionalization in the Missouri River Basin

This study simulated crop and water yields in the Missouri River Basin (MRB; 1,371,000 km²), one of the largest river basins in the United States, using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) at a fine resolution of 12‐digit Hydrological Unit Codes (HUCs) using the regionalization calibration approach. Very few studies have simulated the entire MRB, and those that have developed were at a coarser resolution of 8‐digit HUCs and were minimally calibrated. The MRB was first divided into three subbasins and was further divided into eleven regions. A “head watershed” was selected in each region and was calibrated for crop and water yields. The parameters from the calibrated head watershed were extrapolated to other subwatersheds in the region to complete comprehensive spatial calibration. The simulated crop yields at the head watersheds were in close agreement with observed crop yields. Spatial validation of the aggregated crop yields resulted in reasonable predictions for all crops except dryland corn in a few regions. Simulated and observed water yields in head watersheds and also in the validation locations were in close agreement in naturalized streams and poor agreement in streams with high groundwater‐surface water interactions and/or reservoirs found upstream of the gauges. Overall, the SWAT model was able to reasonably capture the hydrological and crop growth dynamics occurring in the basin despite some limitations.     

近三十年云南九大高原湖泊水面面积遥感变化监测

云南省九大高原湖泊对于云南省社会经济可持续发展具有极其重要的意义。利用30 m分辨率的Landsat系列遥感数据和1.5 m分辨率的SPOT6/7遥感数据分别对云南省九大高原湖泊1989,1993,2000,2007,2015年的湖面面积进行了动态监测。结果表明:云南省九大高原湖泊在1989~2015年间总体上较为稳定,湖体湖面面积共减少了约41 km~2(约4%),但各湖变化差异较大。杞麓湖和异龙湖湖面面积持续快速萎缩,至2015年异龙湖已萎缩了1989年湖体湖面面积的40%。其中异龙湖萎缩的主要原因是干旱和围湖造田,而滇池变化波动较大,原因主要在于工业发展及工程治理。通过对同期的Landsat 8OLI数据与SPOT6/7数据解译的杞麓湖和异龙湖湖面面积对比发现不同空间分辨率的解译结果有较为明显差异(2.8%和1.7%),表明在采用多源遥感数据进行湖泊面积解译时需要考虑不同空间分辨率的影响。     

大气中痕量持久性有机污染物年均值的测定

采用以XAD-2树脂为吸附介质的大气被动采样器,在四川卧龙自然保护区设置6个采样点,进行了为期2年（2005年-2007年）的环境大气样品采集。用气相色谱-高分辨质谱方法对HCB,HCHs,DDTs和PCBs测定。结果表明,平行样品的重现性良好,平均相对偏差为9％。POPs检测下限的范围为1．0pg／m^3-5．9pg／m^3。2年的年均值数据表现出较好的一致性和规律性。以XAD-2树脂为吸附介质的大气被动采样器能够便利地采集进而测定半年或一年污染物的平均浓度,可以经济、有效地获得大气中痕量POPs的年均值。ρ（α—HCH）／ρ（γ-HCH）从成都到卧龙的上升的趋势反映的是传输过程中HCH的降解;而卧龙地区跨年度数据所反映出的ρ（α—HCH）／ρ（γ-HCH）下降趋势,可以归因于林丹的使用。