Multicolour spectral karyotyping for complex chromosomal rearrangements in repeated abortion or congenital anomalies

Advances in molecular cytogenetics, especially the technique of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), have allowed more precise definition of chromosomal structures, which are difficult to identify using conventional G-banding. Recently, a novel approach based on hybridization of 24 fluorescent-labelled chromosome painting probes was developed, termed spectral karyotyping (SKY), which allows the simultaneous and differential colour display of all human chromosomes. We have used SKY to identify not only five parental complex translocation carriers but also minute chromosome rearrangements in the fetus. Here, we concentrate attention on the clinical application of SKY for prenatal diagnosis. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

ASSESSMENT OF SAMPLING ERROR ASSOCIATED WITH SOIL MOISTURE ESTIMATION DESIGNS1

A spectral formalism was developed and applied to quantify the sampling errors due to spatial and/or temporal gaps in soil moisture measurements. A design filter was developed to compute the sampling errors for discrete measurements in space and time. This filter has as its advantage a general form applicable to various types of sampling design. The lack of temporal measurements of the two‐dimensional soil moisture field made it difficult to compute the spectra directly from observed records. Therefore, the wave number frequency spectra of soil moisture data derived from stochastic models of rainfall and soil moisture were used. Parameters for both models were estimated using data from the Southern Great Plains Hydrology Experiment (SGP97) and the Oklahoma Mesonet. The estimated sampling error of the spatial average soil moisture measurement by airborne L‐band microwave remote sensing during the SGP97 hydrology experiment is estimated to be 2.4 percent. Under the same climate conditions and soil properties as the SGP97 experiment, equally spaced ground probe networks at intervals of 25 and 50 km are expected to have about 16 percent and 27 percent sampling error, respectively. Satellite designs with temporal gaps of two and three days are expected to have about 6 percent and 9 percent sampling errors, respectively.     

MULTIFRACTAL SCALING OF DAILY RUNOFF TIME SERIES IN AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS1

Abstract: Multifractal scaling behavior of long-term records of daily runoff time series in 32 subwatersheds covering a wide range of sizes was examined. These subwatersheds were associated with four agricultural watersheds with different climates and topography. The empirical moment scaling curves obtained using the trace moment method showed that the runoff time series exhibited a multifractal behavior, which was valid over a time scale range from one day to about three years. The multi-fractal scaling of the runoff time series was well described by the Universal Multifractal Model. The spectral analysis (β < 1) and the order of fractional integration (H ⋍; 0) indicated that the runoff time series were conservative. The multifractal parameters, α (multifractal index) and C₁ (co-dimension), were reasonably close to each other for subwatersheds within each of the watersheds and were generally similar among the four watersheds. The α values of the four watersheds were 1.10 ± 0.13, 1.61 ± 0.06,1.61 ± 0.24, and 1.63 ± 0.19. The C₁ values of four watersheds were 0.19 ± 0.01, 0.17 ± 0.01, 0.17 ± 0.04, and 0.11 ± 0.02. The multifractal analyses provided useful insight into the runoff time series, especially the occurrence and distribution of extreme events.     

SIMULATED RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE,THERMAL EMISSIONS,AND EVAPOTRANSPIRATION OF A SOYBEAN CANOPY1

ABSTRACT: A canopy reflectance model is incorporated into a routine for simulating water and energy flows in the soil-plant-atmosphere system. The reflectance model is structured tocalculate canopy albedo throughout each simulation period and to determine spectral reflectances at a specified time during the day. Spectral vegetation indices are then calculated from the reflectances and related to the evapotranspiration and thermal response of the canopy. The canopy reflectance model is also used to establish the photo-sytheticaily active radiation load at various depths in the canopy. Stomatal resistances are calculated using these radiation values and integrated to give the minimum canopy resistance. Actual canopy resistance is obtained by adjusting minimum canopy resistance for environmental stresses such as leaf water potential and leaf temperature. Using data for a soybean canopy, canopy evapotranspiration and temperatures are simulated for a range of leaf area index values and compared with the corresponding spectral vegetation indices. The resuits indicate that the normalized difference spectral index has an inverse linear relationship with canopy temperature, concurring with results obtained from satellite observations. The possibility of using a spectral vegetation index and thermal observations together to parameterize surface moisture availability for evapotranspiration is considered.     

垃圾焚烧发电厂机械通风冷却塔噪声治理技术研究

针对城市典型垃圾焚烧发电厂机械通风冷却塔的噪声污染问题,采用现场实际测量方法分析了冷却塔的主要噪声源和频谱特性,研究了冷却塔的淋水噪声、风机、电机噪声的治理技术方案。淋水噪声的治理包括塔内降噪与塔外声波阻隔两条途径,塔内治理采用落水消能降噪导流装置,塔外治理采用交错式吸声隔声屏衰减技术。风机和电机噪声的治理分别采取双层微穿孔板消声器和复合式百叶隔声屏法。结果表明,该方案的淋水噪声塔内降噪、塔外声波阻隔、风机及电机噪声的噪声削减量分别为6.1、16.2、15~18、14.6dB,冷却塔整体噪声削减量为15.1~16.1dB,治理效果良好。     

DOAS监测排放烟气浓度时谱线漂移处理方法研究

差分吸收光谱法(DOAS)是利用气体在紫外可见光波段对光具有选择吸收的特性来测量气体浓度的一种方法。DOAS法连续监测系统的核心是软件部分,由于吸收谱线漂移现象的存在,光谱解析算法的改进对污染气体浓度的计算带来很大的影响。基于DOAS法研究监测排放烟气浓度时谱线漂移对浓度计算的影响,并提出将相关函数和相关系数结合参与浓度计算,实验的结果表明,可以有效地减小谱线漂移时浓度计算的误差。     

周村水库四季变化过程中水体溶解性有机物的分布与光谱特征

运用三维荧光光谱(EEMs)技术结合平行因子分析法(PARAFAC)及紫外-可见光谱技术(UV-vis),对周村水库四季变化过程中溶解性有机物(DOM)的分布及光谱特征进行了分析.结果表明:周村水库表层水体的氮素(总氮和溶解性总氮)和有机物(总有机碳和溶解性有机碳)的季节性差异显著,并且水库冬、春两季TN较多、TOC较少;表层水体DOM夏、秋两季的吸收系数a_(254)和a_(355)均高于冬、春季节,与有机物的分布相一致;四季的E3/E4均大于3.5,说明DOM以富里酸为主,E2/E3比值表明富里酸占DOM的比例夏、秋两季高于冬、春季节,除夏季外水库表层水体S_R均大于1,显示DOM主要为生物源;三维荧光通过PARAFAC解析出3种组分,分别为类腐殖质(C1)、可见区富里酸(C2)和类蛋白(C3);对3个组分进行相关性分析,结果显示,C1、 C2、C3之间具有显著的相关性(p0.01);DOM的总荧光强度及各组分的荧光强度均呈现出夏秋季高、冬春季低的特征,总荧光强度最大值为夏季的(1993.52±40.84) A.U.,最小值为春季的(1074.10±113.63) A.U.;周村水库各个季节间的DOM总荧光强度和荧光组分C1的荧光强度除夏、秋外均呈现显著的差异性(p0.05),组分C2和C3的荧光强度均呈现显著差异性(p0.05);周村水库四季的DOM生物源指数(BIX)为0.8～1.0,表明水库DOM具有较强的自生源特征,与腐殖程度指标(HIX)的结果相吻合;PCA分析显示,周村水库表层水体DOM的光谱特征差异明显,夏、秋两季的DOM光谱特征相近,冬、春两季的水体DOM特征相似;并且组分C1、C2、C3与DOM特征参数(FI、β:α)及溶解性有机碳(DOC)呈显著相关性(p0.01).通过对周村水库水体四季的DOM光谱特征进行研究,可以进一步分析水库水体的有机物污染特征,并为水库水质管理提供技术支持.     

薪柴燃烧溶解性棕色碳排放特征及光学性质

对农村薪柴（杨木和毛竹）燃烧排放的4类溶解性棕色碳（BrC）组分,包括水溶性有机物（WSOM）、水溶性类腐殖质（HULIS_WS）、碱溶性有机物（ASOM）和碱溶性类腐殖质（HULIS_AS）的组成特征和光学性质进行了初步研究.结果显示,薪柴燃烧排放出大量的BrC,其中BrC_T（WSOM+ASOM）占烟气PM_2.5质量的46%~56%,排放因子为（7.5~16）g/kg.HULIS是薪柴燃烧排放BrC的重要组分,占BrC_T的44%~46%.4类BrC的特征吸收指数（SUVA₂₅₄）、光吸收效率（MAE₃₆₅）和Ångström指数（AAE）值分别为1.9~4.0m²/g、0.4~2.1m²/g和6.2~11.1,说明薪柴燃烧排放BrC具有较高的芳香度、较强的光吸收能力且其光吸收具有较强的波长依赖性.三维荧光光谱分析结果显示,薪柴燃烧排放BrC主要以类蛋白荧光物质组成为主,这与雨水和大气气溶胶中水溶性BrC以类腐殖质荧光物质组成为主的特征存在显著差异.相关性分析结果显示,BrC的MAE₃₆₅与HIX和SUVA₂₅₄呈现显著的正相关性,与E₂/E₃、FI、BIX和β：α呈现显著的负相关性,说明薪柴燃烧排放BrC的光吸收特性与其芳香性、腐殖化程度、自生源贡献和新鲜度等紧密相关.本研究结果有助于进一步认识生物质燃烧BrC的排放特征,为探索大气BrC的来源和环境效应提供数据基础和科学依据.     

应用多元统计研究蘑菇湖水体DOM紫外光谱特征

为了探究蘑菇湖水体中DOM（溶解性有机物）的组成和结构特征、识别来源及表征腐殖化程度,采用UV-Vis（紫外-可见吸收光谱）和紫外吸收光谱指数、多元统计分析方法对蘑菇湖水体DOM进行表征.结果表明:①蘑菇湖水体DOM腐殖化程度由滨湖区向深湖区递减,DOM主要以脂肪链和酯类等非极性官能团及相对分子质量较大的外源胡敏酸为主. ②皮尔逊相关性分析发现,A_{250 nm}/A_{365 nm}、A_{240 nm}/A_{420 nm}与A₃/A₂（600~700 nm与460~480 nm波段下的积分面积之比）之间呈显著正相关,A_{465 nm}/A_{665 nm}、S_R〔光谱斜率比,S_g（275~295 nm）/S_g（350~400 nm）〕、A₂/A₁（460~480 nm与260~280 nm波段下的积分面积之比）与A₃/A₁（600~700 nm与260~280 nm波段下的积分面积之比）之间也均呈显著正相关,而二者之间呈负相关,表明蘑菇湖水体中DOM的腐殖化水平与有机质的相对分子质量、芳香度以及苯环碳骨架的聚合程度等密切相关. ③CCA（canonical correspond analysis,典范对应分析）结果发现,蘑菇湖水体采样点与DOM的芳香度、腐殖化程度存在一定的相关性,与皮尔逊相关性分析结果相似.研究显示,UV-Vis、紫外吸收光谱指数、多元统计分析能够在一定程度上表征蘑菇湖水体DOM的分子量、芳香度以及腐殖化程度.      

图象火灾监控中一个新颖的火灾判据

“边缘抖动”是早期火灾火焰的重要特性。本文基于这个特征，利用图象分析的方法，提出了一种崭新的火灾判据－尖角判据。尖角判据减少了误报和漏报，大大提高了火灾判别的可靠性及准确性。