AN OBJECTWE TEST FOR HYDROLOGIC SCALE1

ABSTRACT: Improving the reliability of parametric hydrologic models (sometimes called cenceptual rainfall-runoff models) in the continuous simulation of runoff from ungaged catchments has been frustrated by difficulties in estimating model parameters from catchment characteristics. An underlying problem is that these models use parameters to represent catchments as a whole, whereas data on catchment characteristics are collected at multiple field locations and are difficult to transform into one measure of collective impact. Subdividing the catchment and calibrating a stochastic parametric model to estimate distributions for the parameters that covered the range of observed streamflow values was found to improve the simulations. This paper presents an optimization of the amount of subdivision to use in simulation with a version of the Stanford Watershed Model using available climatological data. The calibration process assumes that catchment heterogeneity introduces errors that can be reduced by calibrating parameters as spatial distributions rather than single values. Calibrations for three diverse small gaged catchments located in California and in Virginia found the optimal number of subdivisions to range from 4 to 25 and the optimal scale to range from 0.3 to 2.1 mi².     

AUTOMATED EXTRACTION OF DRAINAGE NETWORK AND WATERSHED DATA FROM DIGITAL ELEVATION MODELS1

ABSTRACT: This paper discusses a computer program which extracts a number of watershed and drainage network properties directly from digital elevation models (DEM) to assist in the rapid parameterization of hydrologic runoff models. The program integrates new and established algorithms to address problems inherent in the analysis low-relief terrain from raster DEMs similar to those distributed by the U.S. Geological Survey for 7.5-minute quadrangles. The program delineates the drainage network from a DEM, and determines the Strahler order, total and direct drainage area, length, slope, and upstream and downstream coordinates of each channel link. It also identifies the subwatershed of each channel source and of the left and right bank of each channel link, and assigns a unique number to each network node. The node numbers are used to associate each subwatershed with the channel link to which it drains, and can be used to control flow routing in cascade hydrologic models. Program output includes tabular data and raster maps of the drainage network and subwatersheds. The raster maps are intended for import to a Geographical Information System where they can be registered to other data layers and used as templates to extract additional network and subwatershed information.     

蚯蚓抗菌肽EABP-1的分离纯化及部分性质

经硫酸铵沉淀、超滤和阳离子交换分离 ,得到了一蚯蚓抗菌肽EABP 1,该肽的最大紫外吸收在 2 77.16nm ,SDS PAGE结果表明其Mr≈ 2 0× 10 3,精确的分子量没有确定 .最小抑菌浓度 (ρMIC)实验表明 ,EABP 1对鹑鸡肠球菌(Enterococcusgallinarum)、绿脓杆菌 (Pseudomonaspyocyanea)、鲍氏不动 (Acinetobacterbaumanii)、土生克雷伯 (Kleb siellaterrigena)的 ρMIC为 11.4μg/mL ,对粪肠球菌 (Enterococcusfaecalis)的 ρMIC为 2 2 .8μg/mL ,对真菌白色念株菌(Candidaalbicans)没有表现为完全的抑制作用 .图 1表 1参 10     

聚合氯化铝/聚丙烯酰胺复合改性凹凸棒土絮凝材料的制备及其除浊除藻效果

蓝藻水华已成为我国湖库面临的主要环境问题,而利用黏土治理有害藻华技术在我国应用已有十多年的历史,是国际上公认的最具发展前景的措施之一。通过选用凹凸棒土(AT)为原材料,聚合氯化铝(PAC)、聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)作为改性剂,制备新型复合絮凝材料凹凸棒土-聚合氯化铝-聚丙烯酰胺(AT-PAC-PAM)。比较不同原料配比条件下复合絮凝材料的除浊效果,并对絮凝材料改性前后微观形貌、物化性质进行表征分析,然后通过单因素实验对复合絮凝材料除浊除藻条件进行优化,最后采用电子显微镜观察不同絮凝材料处理藻液所生成的絮体形貌差异。研究结果表明：AT-PAC-PAM絮凝材料的最佳原料组分质量配比为m(AT)∶m(PAC)∶m(PAM)=100∶20∶0.2;材料改性后铝离子含量增加、表面积增加、孔径增大、空隙增多,使得吸附能力增强;在相同实验条件下,AT-PAC-PAM(20%)除浊除藻效果最优,其最佳条件为pH =7、复合絮凝材料质量浓度为60 mg·L⁻¹、藻液初始浊度50 NTU、慢搅转速100 r·min⁻¹、慢搅时间20 min、沉淀时间30 min;在对絮体微观观察中发现,复合絮凝材料AT-PAC-PAM加强了吸附架桥和网捕作用,使所形成的絮体密集紧实,从而促进藻-土复合絮体的沉降,具有很好的应用前景。     

风化煤中腐殖酸的提取及其性能表征

以陕西黄陵风化煤为原料,分别采用碱溶酸析、氧解法和催化法提取腐殖酸,确定提取的最佳工艺条件,并通过测定腐殖酸灰分、红外光谱、凝胶色谱和E4/E6值对提取的腐殖酸进行性能表征,考察不同的提取方法对腐殖酸的提取率及结构的影响。结果显示, 3种方法制备的腐殖酸在官能团结构方面没有明显的差异,腐殖酸中含有大量的-COOH和-CO官能团;催化法提取的腐殖酸灰分最多,分子量最大。实验得到最佳提取腐殖酸的实验方法为催化法,最佳提取工艺为催化剂选用NHPI、1∶8的固液比、0.5 mol·L-1NaOH碱液和30 min的沸水浴时间。     

The presence of zinc in Swedish waste fuels

Zinc (Zn) is a chemical element that has gained more attention lately owing to its possibility to form corrosive deposits in large boilers, such as Waste-to-Energy plants. Zn enters the boilers in many different forms and particularly in waste, the amount of Zn is hard to determine due to both the heterogeneity of waste in general but also due to the fact that little is yet published specifically about the Zn levels in waste. This study aimed to determine the Zn in Swedish waste fuels by taking regular samples from seven different and geographically separate waste combustion plants over a 12-month period. The analysis shows that there is a relation between the municipal solid waste (MSW) content and the Zn-content; high MSW-content gives lower Zn-content. This means that waste combustion plants with a higher share of industrial and commercial waste and/or building and demolition waste would have a higher share of Zn in the fuel. The study also shows that in Sweden, the geographic location of the plant does not have any effect on the Zn-content. Furthermore, it is concluded that different seasons appear not to affect the Zn concentrations significantly. In some plants there was a clear correlation between the Zn-content and the content of other trace metals.     

Aggregation and dissolution of silver nanoparticles in a laboratory-based freshwater microcosm under simulated environmental conditions

Silver nanoparticles (NP) are used in several applications, including their use as antimicrobial agents in textiles, personal care, and other domestic products. As such, there is a high potential for the release of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) in the aquatic environment. In aquatic ecosystems, nanomaterials are affected by abiotic factors, such as temperature, that alter their chemistry and influence their fate in the environment. Preliminary studies indicate that NP tend to form aggregates which are potentially more recalcitrant than unaggregated NP. These and other fate processes are largely dependent on both the characteristics of the NP and that of the environment. In this study, lab experiments were conducted to investigate the physicochemical properties and temperature solubility of AgNP (<100 nm) that may potentially influence the fate and behavior of AgNP in the aqueous environment. Results indicated that, under these tested conditions, AgNP may be transformed in size and thereby affect fate, bioavailability, and toxicity. In this study, a novel method was used to determine whether AgNP would form agglomerates, or behave as isolated particles, or dissolve when in aqueous media and under different environmental conditions. The new aspects evaluated in this study demonstrated that AgNP are transformed in both size and state under variable environmental conditions.     

Study on increase in toxicity of Schiff bases on microorganism on chelation with metal

New heterochelates of the type [M(L)(SB)(H₂O)] (where M?=?Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), and Cd(II), KHL?=?potassium salt of salicylideneglycine and SB?=?thiophene- O -carboxaldeneaniline) have been synthesized. The heterochelates have been characterized on the basis of elemental analyses, electronic spectra, and magnetic measurement analyses. The structural and geometrical conformation has been discussed on the basis of IR spectral data. A thermal study of the complexes has been carried out to ascertain their thermal stability. Magnetic susceptibility measurements and electronic spectral data suggest a six-coordinated octahedral structure for these complexes. The increase in toxicity of the investigated heterochelate metal compounds was tested against three gram-negative bacteria, S. typhi, E. coli, and Serratia marcescens by the disc diffusion method. It is observed that the heterochelates show higher toxicity when compared to the Schiff bases, metal salts, and control (DMSO) due to chelation. The toxicity is also compared to the standard drug tetracycline.     

Photodecomposition of Isofenphos (O‐ethyl‐O(2‐isopropoxycarbonyl)‐phenyl)‐Isopropylphos‐Phoramidothioate)

Photodecomposition of the organophosphorus insecticide isofenphos (O‐ethyl‐O‐(2‐isopropoxy‐carbonyl)‐phenyl)‐N‐isopropylphosphoremidothioate) has been studied in solution, on glass and soil surfaces. Isofenphos underwent oxidation from P = S to the P = O group and deesterification on irradiation in hexane and methanol. Photoproducts were isolated and identified by spectroscopic methods.     

A comparison study of aerosol emissions sources in two receptor sites in Salvador (Brazil) city

Total suspended particles (TSP) and metal concentrations were determined in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil at two sites: a residential area and a residential‐commercial‐industrial neighborhood. The determined metals associated with atmospheric aerosols include Al, Ca, Cr, Cd, Fe, Mg, Mn, V, Zn and Na. Factor analysis was employed to identify the major atmospheric deposition sources. At one site the data were best represented by two sources: resuspended soil + marine aerosol and vehicular emissions, which represents 93% of the total system variance. In the second one the data were best represented by three sources: resuspended soil, metallurgy and building construction, which represents 79% of the total system variance.