Application of 1D and 2D MFR reactor technology for the isolation of insecticidal and anti-microbial properties from pyrolysis bio-oils

Valuable chemicals can be separated from agricultural residues by chemical or thermochemical processes. The application of pyrolysis has already been demonstrated as an efficient means to produce a liquid with a high concentration of desired product. The objective of this study was to apply an insect and microorganism bioassay-guided approach to separate and isolate pesticidal compounds from bio-oil produced through biomass pyrolysis. Tobacco leaf (Nicotianata bacum), tomato plant (Solanum lycopersicum), and spent coffee (Coffea arabica) grounds were pyrolyzed at 10°C/min from ambient to 565°C using the mechanically fluidized reactor (MFR). With one-dimensional (1D) MFR pyrolysis, the composition of the product vapors varied as the reactor temperature was raised allowing for the selection of the temperature range that corresponds to vapors with a high concentration of pesticidal properties. Further product separation was performed in a fractional condensation train, or 2D MFR pyrolysis, thus allowing for the separation of vapor components according to their condensation temperature. The 300–400°C tobacco and tomato bio-oil cuts from the 1D MFR showed the highest insecticidal and anti-microbial activity compared to the other bio-oil cuts. The 300–350 and 350–400°C bio-oil cuts produced by 2D MFR had the highest insecticidal activity when the bio-oil was collected from the 210°C condenser. The tobacco and tomato bio-oil had similar insecticidal activity (LC₅₀ of 2.1 and 2.2 mg/mL) when the bio-oil was collected in the 210°C condenser from the 300–350°C reactor temperature gases. The 2D MFR does concentrate the pesticidal products compared to the 1D MFR and thus can reduce the need for further separation steps such as solvent extraction.     

膜电解技术处理含氯及重金属的废酸

采用离子交换膜电解技术处理铜冶炼过程产生的含氯及重金属的废酸。考察了废酸处理工艺、电解温度、电解时间、电流密度和催化剂的添加等条件对处理效果的影响。实验结果表明：采用先沉淀重金属后脱氯的废酸处理工艺,氯离子和铜离子的去除效果均较好;当以钛盐为催化剂时,在电解温度为40 ℃、电解时间为2.0 h、电流密度为825 A/m²的最佳工艺条件下,处理后废酸中的氯离子质量浓度为0.22 g/L,氯离子去除率为98.59%,铜离子质量浓度为0.45 g/L,铜离子去除率为95.08%,其他重金属大部分也得到有效去除。净化后的废酸可回用至铜冶炼的生产过程中。     

Novel mesoporous microspheres of Al and Ni doped LMO spinels and their performance as cathodes in secondary lithium ion batteries

A facile, scalable, and solution-based technique is used to fabricate Al and Ni-doped (LiAl_0.1Mn_1.9O₄ and LiAl_0.1Ni_0.1Mn_1.8O₄) microspheres of lithium manganese oxide (LMO) spinels for use as reversible cathode materials for lithium ion batteries (LIBs). The spheres of the two samples exhibit different porosities. Cells with these LMO-based cathodes are then cycled between 4.5 V and 2 V to study their stabilities while simultaneously being subjected to the undesirable Jahn-Teller distortion that occurs around the ~3 V regime. The LiAl_0.1Mn_1.9O₄ (LAMO) and the LiAl_0.1Ni_0.1Mn_1.8O₄ (LANMO) cells exhibit comparable open circuit voltages (OCV) of 2.94 V and 2.97 V, respectively. During cell cycling, the LAMO cell exhibits a maximum specific capacity of 122.51 mAh g^?1 with a capacity fade of 65.35% after 75 cycles. The LiAl_0.1Ni_0.1Mn_1.8O₄ (LAMO) sample fares better and exhibits a maximum of 140.49 mAh g^?1 and a capacity drop of 52.59%. Detailed structural studies indicate that Ni doping and the greater degree of porosity of the LANMO sample to be a stabilizing factor. This is further confirmed by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and AC impedance spectra analysis.     

废旧电池资源化、无害化

对当前国内外在废旧电池的处理处置方面进行了综合性论述,对废旧电池的危害及当前应采取的对策进行分析。     

Technological improvements in automotive battery recycling

Recycling of automotive batteries for the recovery of secondary lead is extremely important in Brazil, for the country does not possess large reserves of this metal. Lead is one of the most widely used metals in the world, but it is highly toxic, posing risks for humans and for the environment if not utilized or treated adequately. Industrial waste containing lead in Brazil are classified by the Brazilian Residue Code (NBR—10004:2004) as hazardous. The lead recycling process employed by the recycling industry in Brazil is the pyrometallurgical process in a rotary furnace. This process consists of four stages: (1) grinding of the battery to separate plastic, electrolyte and lead plates; (2) lead reduction in a rotary furnace; (3) separation of metallic lead from slag; and (4) refining of recycled lead. The purpose of this work is to propose process improvements aimed primarily at increasing production output by reducing the loss of lead in slag and particulates, thereby providing a healthier work environment in line with Brazilian environmental and labor laws.     

微波在废树脂中的穿透厚度研究

通过对不同功率微波在不同规格钢桶中对不同含水率的树脂中的穿透厚度的研究可知,微波在树脂中的穿透厚度主要与树脂自身含水率有关,与钢桶的规格尺寸也有一定的关系,而微波功率的影响则可基本忽略不计;对于含水率50％左右的树脂,微波在12L钢桶中的穿透厚度是130 mm;在200L钢桶中的穿透厚度是70mm.该研究成果对微波干燥工艺的具体参数的选取和扩大规模台架装置的设计研究等有重要意义.     

凹凸棒石/γ-Fe_2O_3/碳纳米复合材料的制备及其对苯酚的吸附作用

为获得同时具有有机亲和性和磁分离特性的吸附材料,以凹凸棒石黏土和废活性白土为原材料,通过铁盐水解共沉淀和在氢气气氛下程序升温煅烧的方法,制备廉价的凹凸棒石γ-Fe2O3/碳纳米复合材料.运用磁化率分析,红外吸收光谱,透射电镜,X射线衍射分析和碳含量分析对其进行了表征,并研究了复合材料吸附去除水中苯酚的动力学、吸附试验中pH的影响及同等条件下与其他吸附材料吸附性能的对比.结果表明,复合材料的磁化率值为2 769×10-8m3/kg,用磁分离工序即可把该吸附材料从溶液中快速分离出来;铁的磁性氧化物以γ-Fe2O3的形态负载到凹凸棒石表面,颗粒直径为10～60nm;碳以无定形的形态负载在凹凸棒石晶体表面;复合材料中的ω(碳)为7.4%,材料中出现了有机官能团-CH3和-CH2-.对苯酚的吸附试验表明,复合材料对苯酚的去除率是凹凸棒石原矿的3倍.     

超声辅助生物淋滤废旧Zn-C电池锌锰溶出的研究

以氧化硫硫杆菌(A.thiooxidans)为淋滤菌株对废旧Zn-C电池电极材料中的Zn、Mn进行了生物浸提,比较研究了化学浸提、生物淋滤和不同超声辅助方法生物淋滤体系下的Zn、Mn的溶出效率及溶出动力学.结果表明:不同超声辅助方法中,超声+生物淋滤体系Zn、Mn溶出最优,Zn、Mn的最大溶出率分别为94.2%和65.5%,并提高了溶释速率.此外,对于Mn的溶出,化学淋滤体系符合边界层扩散控制模型,生物淋滤和超声+生物淋滤体系符合收缩核Stoke's regime模型,而Zn的溶出均符合化学反应控制模型.     

化学镀镍废液的处理及再生技术研究进展

介绍了化学镀镍废液的产生和危害,综述了近年来国内外采用化学沉淀法、电解法、氧化还原法、萃取法、离子交换法、电渗析法等对化学镀镍废液进行处理及净化再生的技术研究进展,对各种方法的实用性进行了评价,并指出今后的发展方向。     

UV-catalytic treatment of spent caustic from ethene plant with hydrogen peroxide and ozone oxidation

The performance of UV/H2O2, UV/O3 and UV/H2O2/O3 oxidation systems for treating spent caustic from an ethylene plant was investigated, in UV/H2O2 system, with the increase of H202 dosage, removal efficiencies of COD and the ratio of biochemical oxygen demand(BOD) to chemical oxygen demand(COD) of the effluent were increased and a better performance was obtained than the H2O2 system alone. In UV/H2O2 system, removal efficiency of COD reach 68% under the optimum condition, and BOD/COD ratio was significantly increased from 0.22 to 0.52. In UV/O3 system, with the increase of O3 dosage, removal efficiency of COD and BOD/COD ratio were increased, and a better performance was obtained than the O3 system alone. Under the optimum condition, removal efficiency of COD was 54%, and BOD/COD ratio was significantly increased from 0.22 to 0.48. In UV/H2O2/O3 system, COD removal efficiency was found to be 22.0% higher than UV/O3 system.