硫杆菌浸出废旧MH/Ni电池中重金属研究

生物淋滤法具有对环境友好、反应温和、运行成本低等优点,近年来主要用于回收难浸提矿石中有用金属及城市污泥有毒重金属脱除。应用氧化硫硫杆菌和氧化亚铁硫杆菌对废旧MH/Ni电池电极材料中重金属进行了生物淋滤处理可行性及工艺技术研究,考查了初始pH值、电极材料投加量、温度及底物单质硫添加量对金属Ni、Co浸出率的影响。试验结果表明:硫杆菌可以浸出电极材料中的重金属Ni和Co,初始pH值及温度对生物淋滤过程金属Ni、Co浸出率影响显著。在初始pH值1.0、电极材料质量分数为1.0%、温度30℃、底物单质硫质量浓度为4.0g·L-1条件下,经过20d生物淋滤,废旧MH/Ni电池中金属Ni和Co浸出率分别为95.7%和72.4%。     

Reduced Diversity and Complexity in the Leaf-Litter Ant Assemblage of Colombian Coffee Plantations

Abstract:  Coffee agroecosystems have recently undergone a dramatic intensification in Colombia, a megadiverse country, especially in terms of the nature of shade cover. We tested for changes in the composition, ecological associations, and diversity of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) along a gradient of intensification of coffee production in the Colombian Andes. We surveyed 16 farms in two regions, classified into four management types: (1) forest (no agriculture), (2) organic polygeneric shaded coffee, (3) monogeneric shaded coffee, and (4) sun coffee (unshaded). Forty sampling units (20 1-m² plots on the ground and 20 coffee bushes) were established at each farm between 2001 and 2002. We sampled with a mini-winkler litter extraction technique and through visual searching. Organic polygeneric shaded-coffee plantations contained significantly higher ant species richness, and their ant assemblages resembled the forest patches more than any other management type. The number of statistically significant associations among ant species dropped with production intensification, as did the number of ant species involved in such associations. The network of ant associations in shaded systems transformed into an extremely simplified network in sun coffee, with a few dominant ants extending almost entirely throughout the crop. Intensification of coffee agriculture not only caused loss of litter ant species (especially forest species) but also a reduction in the complexity of the ant assemblage in the leaf litter of this agroecosystem.     

醋酸生产中的污染与防治

介绍了大庆石化总厂醋酸装置投用后废水处理、废渣循环利用及废水综合治理的情况，并对今后治理污染提出了初步设想。     

废旧Zn-C电池-活性污泥炭优化制备的研究

以污水处理厂二次污泥为主要原料,掺杂废旧Zn-C电池电极材料制备废旧Zn-C电池-活性污泥炭.同时,采用Plackett-Burman(P-B)和响应面中心复合实验设计(RSM-CCD)对影响污泥炭吸附性能的7个操作条件进行筛选和优化.P-B实验结果与统计学分析表明,掺杂比、炭化温度和炭化时间是影响吸附性能的3个关键因素.以碘吸附值为响应目标,对3个主要因素进行响应面法优化分析确定碘吸附模型,并得到最优操作条件为:掺杂比10%、炭化温度350℃和炭化时间20 min,此条件下制备的改性污泥炭的碘吸附值和比表面积分别达到530.1 mg·g~(-1)和429.5 m2·g~(-1);Zeta电位和阳离子交换容量分别为~(-1)5.50 m V、30.9×10-2mmol·g~(-1),更适合吸附重金属离子.     

咖啡渣燃烧特性及动力学研究

利用热重分析法(TGA)对咖啡渣的燃烧特性及反应动力学进行了试验研究,评价了咖啡渣的综合燃烧性能.结果表明,咖啡渣燃烧有3个阶段,分别对应水分蒸发阶段(200℃)、有机质燃烧阶段(200~500℃)和燃尽稳定阶段(500℃);有机质燃烧阶段表现出3个过程:主挥发分的析出燃烧、次挥发分的析出燃烧和固定碳的燃烧;随升温速率β的提高,咖啡渣的燃尽特性指数Cb和综合燃烧特性指数SN增大,β=25~30 K·min-1时的燃烧性能较好.燃烧动力学的Coats-Redfern方程计算表明,有机质燃烧阶段3个过程的表观活化能E依次为82.43、8.81和12.49 k J·mol-1.     

钛白废酸回收技术研究

通过臭氧氧化技术将钛白废酸中的Fe^2＋氧化成F^3＋，再用萃取法除去Fe^3＋。考察了络合剂（盐酸）浓度、萃取剂、萃取相比和多级错流萃取级数等对Fe^3＋萃取率的影响，初步探索了反萃法回收萃取剂及萃取剂的循环利用。结果表明，当盐酸浓度为3．4-4．0mol／L时，几乎可完全络合溶液中的Fe^3＋，Fe^3＋的萃取率随相比（O／W）的增加而增大，萃取级数愈多萃取效果愈好。O／W=1：1的单级萃取与总相比O／W=0．5：1的四级错流萃取率接近。当反萃相比（V／O）=1．5：1时，Fe^3＋的反革率达97％，萃取剂经过6次萃取一反萃循环后．Fe^3＋的萃取率没有明显下降。去除Fe增的钛白废酸，经蒸馏浓缩到70％左右，再与浓硫酸混合后可用于钛白粉的生产，蒸馏过程中得到的盐酸循环使用，反萃出来的Fe^3＋可作为生产铁红的原料。     

失活甲醇催化剂用于脱除硫化氢的研究

本文研究了失活甲醇催化剂用于脱除硫化氢的试验。结果表明,失活甲醇催化剂具有较好的脱硫性能,其重量硫容在室温和６２３Ｋ时稍低于工业氧化锌脱硫剂,在４２３Ｋ－５２３Ｋ的温度范围内则大于工业氧化锌脱硫剂,其体积硫容在室温下大于工业氧化锌脱硫剂,失活甲醇催化剂的工作硫容随着的升高而增长,而且在低反应空速时或者经过还原后具有更大的硫容。     

从废甲醇合成催化剂中回收铜锌

将废RK-05甲醇合成催化剂经过煅烧、浸取、精制等工序回收其中的铜和锌。经正交实验得到煅烧废催化剂的最优工艺参数为:废催化剂筛目100目,煅烧温度950℃,煅烧时间60 min。最佳浸取工艺条件为:废催化剂加入量约4 g/L,浸取温度75℃,浸取剂用量与理论用量体积比2.0~3.0,浸取剂浓度4.0 mol/L,浸取时间10min。精制工序制备CuO的最佳工艺条件为:锌粒与滤渣质量比为1.00,反应时间3 h,煅烧温度450℃,煅烧时间4 h。制备ZnO的最佳工艺条件为:煅烧温度800℃,煅烧时间60 min。回收的产品CuO纯度为99.1%,满足GB/T674—2003《化学试剂粉状氧化铜》中优级品的标准。回收的产品ZnO纯度为99.6%,满足GB/T3185—1992《氧化锌(间接法)》中一级品的标准。     

Co-composting of spent coffee ground with olive mill wastewater sludge and poultry manure and effect of Trametes versicolor inoculation on the compost maturity

The co-composting of spent coffee grounds, olive mill wastewater sludge and poultry manure was investigated on a semi-industrial scale. In order to reduce the toxicity of the phenolic fraction and to improve the degree of composting humification, composts were inoculated with the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor in the early stages of the maturation phase.During composting, a range of physico-chemical parameters (temperature and both organic matter and C/N reduction), total organic carbon, total nitrogen, elemental composition, lignin degradation and spectroscopic characteristics of the humic acids (HAs) were determined; impacts of the composting process on germination index of Hordeum vulgare and Lactuca sativa were assessed. The coffee waste proved to be a highly compostable feedstock, resulting in mature final compost with a germination index of 120% in less than 5 months composting. In addition, inoculation with T. versicolor led to a greater degree of aromatization of HA than in the control pile. Moreover, in the inoculated mixture, lignin degradation was three times greater and HA increased by 30% (P < 0.05), compared to the control pile. In the T. versicolor inoculated mixture, the averages of C and N were significantly enhanced in the HA molecules (P < 0.05), by 26% and 22%, respectively. This improvement in the degree of humification was confirmed by the ratio of optical densities of HA solutions at 465 and 665 nm which was lower for HA from the treated mixture (4.5) than that from the control pile (5.4).     

用含锌废催化剂制备纳米氧化锌

以含锌废催化剂为原料,经酸浸、除杂、锌粉置换、合成等工艺制得碱式碳酸锌,再经过滤、洗涤、干燥、煅烧制备纳米氧化锌。考察了酸浸工艺硫酸溶液含量和液固比（硫酸与含锌废催化剂的质量比）对锌浸出率的影响,以及煅烧温度对纳米氧化锌质量的影响。实验结果表明：在硫酸质量分数为30%、液固比为5的最佳酸浸工艺条件下,锌浸出率为92%;在最佳煅烧温度为400 ℃的条件下,氧化锌质量分数大于95%,比表面积大于50 m²/g;纳米氧化锌颗粒大小均匀,平均粒径小于50 nm。