DISTRIBUTION OF BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES IN A STREAM EXPOSED TO URBAN RUNOFF1

ABSTRACT: A study of benthic macroinvertebrate community composition was conducted at eight sites along Shabakunk Creek, a small stream in Mercer County, New Jersey, which receives urban runoff. The relationship between changes in substrate composition and the nature of the benthic macroinvertebrate community has been examined. Organisms were collected seasonally from natural substrates in riffles. Attempts to employ artificial substrates for invertebrate collection proved unsuccessful, as the population on the samplers was not representative of that in the stream bed. Number of total benthic macroinvertebrate taxa collected declined from 13 in relatively undeveloped upstream areas to four below heavily developed areas, while population density decreased simultaneously in the same areas. Periphyton samples collected from natural substrates were analyzed for selected heavy metals. Significantly higher heavy metal concentrations are reported from substrates sampled below heavily developed areas, and changes in these values are discussed with regard to changes in benthic macroinvertebrate distribution.     

Nitrogen transformations during pig manure composting

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食用菌香菇柄的几种深加工技术

文章简介了利用鄂东大别山地区的食用菌香菇下脚料(香菇柄)制作几类风味独特、脆嫩鲜香、深受人们喜爱的香菇食品的加工技术和方法。     

黄钠铁矾法氧化去除废锂电池硫酸浸出液中的铁

废锂电池中含有的Co、Ni和Cu等金属具有回收价值,Fe的存在降低了有价金属的回收效率。为去除废锂电池硫酸浸出液中的Fe,采用黄钠铁矾法分别以氯酸钠和过氧化氢作为氧化剂氧化除Fe,并优化了过氧化氢作为氧化剂的除Fe工艺参数。实验结果表明:过氧化氢作为氧化剂的除Fe效果好于氯酸钠;在n(H2O2)∶n(Fe)=0.5、初始溶液pH为1.8、终点pH为2.5、反应时间为2.0 h、搅拌速率为500 r/min的最佳工艺条件下,初始ρ(Fe)为0.212g/L的硫酸浸出液经除Fe处理后ρ(Fe)小于0.004 g/L,Fe去除率达98.0%,Co、Ni和Cu的损失率分别为1.04%、2.17%和1.41%。     

简易、快速检测有机磷农药的酶片和生色基质片

研制出简易、快速检测有机磷农药的酶片和生色基质片。用胆碱酯酶抑制试验检测水中的有机磷农药,检测灵敏度在０．０１—１０ｍｇ／Ｌ范围,适宜温度在２５—３５℃之间,分析周期约为１５—２０ｍｉｎ。甲胺磷和水胺硫磷等硫代磷酸酯类农药经溴水活化后检测灵敏度也达上述水平。实际水样检测表明,检样中农药含量在检测灵敏度范围内时,阳性结果相当明显,溶液吸光度比值Ａ对照／Ａ检样＞２。由于检测时无需配制试剂和使用仪器,本法特别适宜于现场检测。     

中国厨余垃圾处理技术及资源化方案选择

介绍了中国厨余垃圾的产量及特征,分析了厨余垃圾粉碎直排、填埋、焚烧、饲料、昆虫养殖、堆肥、转换能源和高值化利用处理技术的现状及优缺点,表明厨余垃圾资源化处理是未来的发展趋势,其中饲料化应是未来值得提倡的资源化技术之一.此外,对比了厌氧消化和好氧堆肥两大主流资源化模式的特点,厌氧消化和好氧堆肥分别适用于集中大规模处理和分...     

Measuring the environmental impact of waste flow management in Brazilian apartment buildings

As biodegradable material represents approximately 70% of household waste in Brazil, any strategy to divert appreciable waste quantities from landfills of necessity has to include valorization and recycling of this material. A societal change of attitude is required to perceive this challenge. Experiments in an urban apartment building are described that produced this change of attitude with a success factor of 80%. Divided waste collection was implemented that separated at the source biodegradable from inert material. Correct collection, handling and display procedures were established. Composting of biodegradable material was carried out under the rooftop of the building as an alternative to using it as animal feed. Half of the inert material entered the reverse logistics chain and was also diverted from the landfill. Waste related material flow through the building is completely quantified, food intake and waste production are related, diversion of both biodegradable and inert waste components from the landfill is measured and the composting process is described. The landfill diversion stands at 61%, mass reduction through the composting process is 80% and matured compost is returned to residents for use in flower cages. The system has been operational for two years and stands out as a precedent in successful decentralized household waste management supported by material flow analysis. Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

堆肥化过程中微生物群落的动态

通过变性梯度凝胶电泳（DGGE）和平板计数法对堆肥化过程中微生物的区系动态变化进行了研究.结果表明,在堆肥化过程中,微生物数量总的趋势是细菌的数量最多,放线菌次之,真菌的数量最少,中温微生物的数量始终高于高温微生物.当发酵结束后,中温微生物的数量低于发酵初始水平,高温放线菌和高温真菌的数量试验结束后高于初始水平,高温细菌的数量在整个堆肥化过程中变化不大.通过DGGE分析表明,发酵过程中细菌的种类发生了明显的更迭现象.发酵初期Bdellovibrio、Clostridia bacterium、Bacillus、Clostridium等占优势,中期Beta proteobacterium、Petrobacter succinimandens、Nitrospirae bacterium、Clostridium等占优势,后期Clostridium、Beta proteobacterium、Paenibacillus等占优势,而在整个堆肥化过程中Clostridium都是优势种.     

内循环厌氧反应器处理养猪场污水基质降解动力学模型研究

依据对IC反应器有机物降解特性的分析,以及对其精细处理区和污泥床区水力流态分别作推流和全混流处理,基质降解速率与微生物浓度之间按一级反应处理的基础上,建立了IC反应器基质降解动力学理论模型.并根据IC反应器处理养猪场污水的试验结果,确定出了反应器在平均温度为(33±0.5)℃条件下污泥床区和精细处理区内基质降解动力学模型.     

pH值和碳氮比对亚硝酸型反硝化影响的研究

利用序批式反应器中长期驯化好的以亚硝酸盐为主要基质的纯种污泥,做锥形瓶实验,分别研究pH和碳氮比对亚硝酸型反硝化的影响。结果表明,亚硝酸型反硝化适宜的pH范围在7.7～8.6,最佳pH值在8.2左右;碳氮比（C/N）大于1.94,可实现连续稳定的脱氮效果,起始亚硝氮比基质降解速率随C/N的增加而增加,大于3.11速率几乎不再增加,通过动力学分析,得出该实验条件下C/N的饱和常数Ks为9.36。