粪便与生活垃圾混合堆肥过程控制

采用强制通风静态仓进行粪便和生活垃圾混合堆肥,以玉米秸为调理剂,石灰调节pH,考察正压鼓风和负压抽吸2种通风方式对不同堆料配比堆肥过程的控制效果。试验结果表明,5种堆料配比的中层温度都达到了50℃,并保持了5 d以上,达到了堆肥无害化和稳定化的要求。正压鼓风堆料底部温度较低,负压抽吸堆料底部热量容易聚集,但是后者堆体温度分布相对均匀。负压抽吸对水分的去除效果差于正压鼓风。对于温度未达到50℃的堆料应回流处理保证无害化。粪便有机物含量高,堆肥初期易酸化,添加石灰调节pH,使堆肥顺利升温,缩短发酵期,石灰合理添加量为2%(质量分数)。采用负压抽吸的通风方式,散除堆肥初期的挥发性有机酸,再经过冷凝除臭器脱酸除臭后排放,是一种可取的方式。     

污泥土地利用中重金属铜污染地下水的潜在风险研究

本研究旨在通过土柱淋溶实验来研究堆肥污泥土地利用后重金属铜的溶出性,以及对地下水的影响。结果表明:与去离子水相比,模拟酸雨(pH=4.5)会使土壤中Cu的淋溶强度增加,并更能促使其向下迁移。经长期淋溶后发现,淋出液中铜的浓度呈现有起伏的递减趋势,最高峰浓度达到0.0702mg/L,远低于地下水Ⅲ类标准(1.0mg/L),污泥土地利用后Cu对地下水的污染风险较小。     

生物表面活性剂在城市污泥静态强制通风好氧堆肥中的作用

采用静态强制通风好氧堆肥模式对城市剩余污泥进行堆肥降解,并研究了生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂对堆肥过程的作用。结果表明,堆肥过程中,添加了质量分数为0.015%鼠李糖脂溶液堆制处理和空白对照堆制处理的堆温变化都明显呈现出中温期0～5 d、高温期6～12 d和降温期13～28 d 3个阶段。实验组比空白组的堆体升温快、高温期持续时间长、堆体的含水率高。鼠李糖脂的添加,使实验组的微生物数量高于空白组。添加鼠李糖脂的堆体和空白堆体的种子发芽指数(GI)在堆肥结束时分别为53.70%和50.80%,说明鼠李糖脂促进了堆肥的腐熟,但由于相对浓缩效应,堆肥产品的重金属含量略高于空白堆体。生物表面活性剂的介入促进了堆肥中木质纤维素的初步降解。研究表明,添加鼠李糖脂能够改善堆肥处理的微环境,促进有机质降解和堆肥的腐熟。     

废铅酸蓄电池铅膏性质分析

为给废旧铅蓄电池铅膏的湿法回收工艺提供理论依据,对湖北金洋冶金股份有限公司破碎分选后的废铅膏进行了XRF、XRD、物理分析及化学分析等,确定了废铅膏的主要成分、理化性质等特性。结果表明,废铅膏粒径细小,碾钵磨细后能过120目的筛下物超过77.4%,这对湿法转化是有利的。废铅膏主要组成为64.5%PbSO4、29.5%PbO2、4.5%PbO、0.8%Pb及其他微量杂质元素,杂质主要包括Fe、Sb和Si等。因此,铅膏湿法处理时应该采取合适的净化工艺。     

自制填料与常用湿地填料除磷能力的比较

用石英砂、石灰、水泥和铝粉等材料制作人工湿地填料,并对自制填料、粉煤灰块和钢渣等6种填料的等温吸附特性进行研究,发现自制填料在较低与较高浓度P溶液中吸附率都最高,在P浓度为(10～50 mg/L)时,平均吸附率达96.8%,其次是粉煤灰和钢渣,分别为87.6%和85.4%;填料对P的理论饱和吸附量分别为:自制填料(2 413.6 mg/kg)>粉煤灰块(1 605.8 mg/kg)>钢渣(1 277.5 mg/kg)>碎砖(451.6 mg/kg)>碎石(182.5 mg/kg)>砾石(18.4 mg/kg);填料中金属矿物成分含量高、比表面积大,是除P效果好的原因。     

污泥用量对生活垃圾堆肥氮素转化与损失的影响

为了探讨生活垃圾堆肥的氮素损失问题,对生活垃圾（A组）、污泥和生活垃圾混合B组（w/w=1∶6）、C组（w/w=1∶4）组等3组物料进行高温好氧堆肥,研究污泥用量对生活垃圾堆肥化过程中温度、pH值、各氮素转化与损失的影响。结果表明：投加污泥会影响生活垃圾的通风性能,减慢物料的升温速率,延长堆肥周期。污泥用量对生活垃圾堆...     

LCA of local strategies for energy recovery from waste in England, applied to a large municipal flow

An intense waste management (WM) planning activity is currently undergoing in England to build the infrastructure necessary to treat residual wastes, increase recycling levels and the recovery of energy from waste. From the analyses of local WM strategic and planning documents we have identified the emerging of three different energy recovery strategies: established combustion of residual waste; pre-treatment of residual waste and energy recovery from Solid Recovered Fuel in a dedicated plant, usually assumed to be a gasifier; pre-treatment of residual waste and reliance on the market to accept the ‘fuel from waste’ so produced. Each energy recovery strategy will result in a different solution in terms of the technology selected; moreover, on the basis of the favoured solution, the total number, scale and location of thermal treatment plants built in England will dramatically change. To support the evaluation and comparison of these three WM strategy in terms of global environmental impacts, energy recovery possibilities and performance with respect to changing ‘fuel from waste’ market conditions, the LCA comparison of eight alternative WM scenarios for a real case study dealing with a large flow of municipal wastes was performed with the modelling tool WRATE. The large flow of waste modelled allowed to formulate and assess realistic alternative WM scenarios and to design infrastructural systems which are likely to correspond to those submitted for approval to the local authorities. The results show that all alternative scenarios contribute to saving abiotic resources and reducing global warming potential. Particularly relevant to the current English debate, the performance of a scenario was shown to depend not from the thermal treatment technology but from a combination of parameters, among which most relevant are the efficiency of energy recovery processes (both electricity and heat) and the calorific value of residual waste and pre-treated material. The contribution and relative importance of recycling and treatment/recovery processes change with the impact category. The lack of reprocessing plants in the area of the case study has shown the relevance of transport distances for recyclate material in reducing the efficiency of a WM system. Highly relevant to the current English WM infrastructural debate, these results for the first time highlight the risk of a significant reduction in the energy that could be recovered by local WM strategies relying only on the market to dispose of the ‘fuel from waste’ in a non dedicated plant in the case that the SRF had to be sent to landfill for lack of treatment capacity.     

抗生素菌渣堆肥进程中微生物群落的变化

将青霉素菌渣、林可霉素菌渣与牛粪等原料分别进行好氧堆肥实验,以考察堆肥过程中不同菌渣对微生物群落的影响。在堆制的41d里,根据温度变化分阶段采集堆肥样品,采用稀释倒平板法测定细菌、放线菌和真菌的数量。结果表明,菌渣不同,其堆肥中的微生物群落变化趋势不同。青霉素菌渣堆肥中细菌数量变化趋势为高一低,真菌数量变化趋势为高一低．高,放线菌数量为逐渐增加;林可霉素菌渣堆肥过程中细菌数量变化趋势为低一高一低,放线菌和真菌数量变化趋势为高．低．高。依据真菌菌落形态观察,菌渣堆肥中的真菌种类比对照牛粪堆肥单一,表明两种菌渣对堆肥中的微生物多样性均产生了不利影响。林可霉素菌渣堆肥初始时的细菌数量比对照低1个数量级,放线菌数量在整个堆肥进程中都明显低于对照,堆肥结束时,随着菌渣含量的增加,放线菌数量逐渐下降,高温期真菌数量下降幅度随着菌渣含量增加而加大,表明林可霉素菌渣对细菌、放线菌和真菌均有不同程度的抑制。堆肥化后菌渣中林可霉素残留量的减少表明,在一定条件下堆肥处理可以将抗生素菌渣无害化和资源化。     

Removal of pesticides from rinsate by adsorption using agricultural residuals as medium

Abstract

The feasibility of using agricultural residual with highly organic matter content ‐ spent mushroom compost (SMC) as adsorption medium for removal of pesticides including carbaryl, carbofuran, and aldicarb with a concentration range of 0–30 mg/L from rinsate was investigated. Bottle‐point method was used to determine adsorption isotherms for single‐pesticide and multi‐pesticides. It was found that SMC might potentially be used for on‐farm treatment of pesticide rinsate. The adsorption capacity of SMC was increased compared to most soils, possibly related to the increased organic matter content. The rapid equilibrium of pesticide solution and SMC was consistent with a physical type of adsorption mechanism. The adsorption of carbamate pesticides on SMC was found to exhibit nonlinear “favorable”; adsorption behavior that could be characterized well by the Freundlich isotherm model. In addition, the multi‐pesticide adsorption tests displayed the characteristics of competitive behavior. The competitive ability of these three pesticides in multi‐components adsorption was in the order carbaryl > carbofuran > aldicarb, which was consistent with the adsorbability of pesticides.     

牛粪自然好氧发酵微生物变化规律

以新鲜牛粪进行好氧堆肥,每间隔3d取样,以牛肉蛋白胨、高氏一号、PDA、豆芽汁为培养基,以稀释法,进行发酵微生物分离、培养、计数和鉴定.结果表明,新鲜牛粪中微生物主要为细菌;发酵过程中,细菌数量大于放线菌、霉菌约104～ 105倍,细菌是发酵过程中的优势微生物;中温性细菌是升温阶段主要作用菌群;嗜热放线菌及嗜热细菌是高温阶段优势菌群;霉菌是降温阶段优势菌群.进一步鉴定表明,细菌类群中的芽孢杆菌、纤维单胞菌,放线菌类群中的小多孢菌、小单孢菌、高温放线菌,霉菌类群中的木霉、曲霉、青霉等为发酵过程中的优势种类.酵母菌未参与发酵过程.