高水分蔬菜废物和花卉、鸡舍废物联合堆肥的中试研究

以滇池流域的典型农业废物蔬菜、花卉废物和鸡舍废物为原料,进行了不同配比的联合堆肥中试研究.一次发酵采用温度反馈通气量控制的静态好氧堆肥系统,二次发酵采用周期性翻堆自然腐熟.在一次发酵阶段,堆体温度在55℃以上保持至少3d,最高温度达73.3℃,可有效杀灭致病菌;堆体含水率从75%降低到56%,多余水分得到快速去除;有机质从65%降低到50%,pH值稳定在8.二次发酵后堆肥产物的腐熟度和养分分析结果表明,产物稳定性好,养分含量高.通过堆肥工艺的优化控制,蔬菜废物、花卉废物和鸡舍废物联合堆肥可以获得高质量的堆肥产品,废物还田能有效减少固体废物非点源污染、提高土壤肥力.     

氨氮和硫酸盐对谷氨酸厌氧生物降解性能的抑制及机理

采用连续运行1119d的上流式厌氧污泥床（UASB）反应器,研究了最佳有机负荷条件下氨氮和硫酸盐对模拟废水中谷氨酸降解性能的抑制作用.结果表明,有机负荷为8.0g COD/（L·d）时,COD去除率达到最高值为（97.94±0.28）%.逐步提高进水氨氮浓度,起初对谷氨酸降解性能的影响不大;但升到2000mg/L时COD去除率和甲烷产率明显降低,继续升至4000mg/L时即达到半抑制状态.逐步提高进水硫酸盐浓度至4000mg/L,甲烷产率和溶液中游离硫化氢（FS）浓度分别呈现一直下降和升高趋势,但COD去除率均能维持在90%以上.进水中的氨氮和硫酸盐分别因离解平衡和生物还原作用形成游离氨（FAN）和FS,进而抑制了产甲烷菌的活性;前者因FAN扩散到细胞内部破坏质子平衡从而过多消耗ATP,后者还因硫酸盐还原菌的增殖存在底物竞争抑制作用.     

城市固体有机废物堆肥实验装置设计

根据城市固体有机废物的特点和性质 ,设计了一种堆肥的实验装置 ,该设计包括空间结构设计、通风系统设计和搅拌系统设计。空间结构设计的特点是小型的、用于实验室研究的、仓式动态好氧结构 ;通风系统的设计则是以供氧、散热和去除水分所需通风量为基础 ;搅拌系统设计包括搅拌器的结构设计和所需动力设计     

固体废弃物的堆肥化处理技术

固体废弃物已成为限制城市发展的重要环境问题.堆肥化处理是固体废弃物资源化利用的一种方式,已逐渐被国内外所重视.本文综述了现有的三种堆肥化系统:条垛式系统、通气静态垛式系统和发酵仓式系统,介绍了三种系统的优缺点.     

城市生活垃圾堆肥试验装置的设计

堆肥装置是研究堆肥过程中各种参数变化和获取优化参数的必不可少的工具.本文从堆肥维持其温度的先决条件出发,并在大量调研的基础上确定了实验室好氧发酵装置的合理尺寸、渗沥水收集和回喷系统、布气系统等.该装置的尺寸为长1 m,宽0.5 m,高0.6 m,堆料的高度为0.48 m;根据垃圾样品的理化性质,确定了渗滤液回喷的时间为116 s、鼓风机的风量为0.055 m3/min,风压为300 Pa,并且对其引入自动控制设备,使通风工作5 min、休息35 min.最后利用生活垃圾堆肥试验验证该装置满足堆肥的一次发酵要求.该装置采用自动控制系统,布水、布气均匀,保温效果好,发酵过程温度测定方便快捷,而且还有功率消耗小、臭气集中易于处理的优点.     

温度对生活垃圾堆肥效率的影响

温度是堆料中微生物生命活动的重要标志，它直接影响堆肥反应速率，是堆肥能否顺利进行的主要因素。本试验利用可自动加热堆肥反应器，在一定条件下研究不同温度对生活垃圾堆肥效率的影响。通过监测出口气体中O2和CO2气体的浓度，计算堆料中有机物降解速率。试验表明，当反应条件为生活垃圾：成熟堆肥=80：20，有机物约为60％，初始含水率为55％，初始C／N比为25，堆肥温度控制在55℃左右时，能加速高温菌繁殖，从而加快垃圾分解速度，大大缩短堆肥腐熟时间。     

Influence of environment and substrate quality on the decomposition of wetland plant root in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

The litterbag method was used to study the decomposition of wetland plant root in three wetlands along a water level gradient in the Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China.These wetlands are Calamagrostis angustifolia(C.aa),Carex meyeriana(C.ma)and Carex lasiocarpa (C.la).The objective of our study is to evaluate the influence of environment and substrate quality on decomposition rates in the three wetlands.Calico material was used as a standard substrate to evaluate environmental influences.Roots native to each we...     

Quantification of methane emissions from full-scale open windrow composting of biowaste using an inverse dispersion technique

An inverse dispersion technique in conjunction with Open-Path Tunable-Diode-Laser-Spectroscopy (OP-TDLS) and meteorological measurements was applied to characterise methane (CH₄) emissions from an Austrian open-windrow composting plant treating source-separated biowaste. Within the measurement campaigns from July to September 2012 different operating conditions (e.g. before, during and after turning and/or sieving events) were considered to reflect the plant-specific process efficiency. In addition, the tracer technique using acetylene (C₂H₂) was applied during the measurement campaigns as a comparison to the dispersion model. Plant-specific methane emissions varied between 1.7 and 14.3 g CH₄/m³d (1.3–10.7 kg CH₄/h) under real-life management assuming a rotting volume of 18,000 m³. In addition, emission measurements indicated that the turning frequency of the open windrows appears to be a crucial factor controlling CH₄ emissions when composting biowaste. The lowest CH₄ emission was measured at a passive state of the windrows without any turning event (“standstill” and “sieving of matured compost”). Not surprisingly, higher CH₄ emissions occurred during turning events, which can be mainly attributed to the instant release of trapped CH₄. Besides the operation mode, the meteorological conditions (e.g. wind speed, atmospheric stability) may be further factors that likely affect the release of CH₄ emissions at an open windrow system. However, the maximum daily CH₄ emissions of 1 m³ rotting material of the composting plant are only 0.7–6.5% of the potential daily methane emissions released from 1 m³ of mechanically–biologically treated (MBT) waste being landfilled according to the required limit values given in the Austrian landfill ordinance.     

The use of agricultural substrates to improve methane yield in anaerobic co-digestion with pig slurry: Effect of substrate type and inclusion level

Anaerobic co-digestion of pig slurry with four agricultural substrates (tomato, pepper, persimmon and peach) was investigated. Each agricultural substrate was tested in co-digestion with pig slurry at four inclusion levels: 0%, 15%, 30% and 50%. Inclusion levels consisted in the replacement of the volatile solids (VS) from the pig slurry with the VS from the agricultural substrate. The effect of substrate type and inclusion level on the biochemical methane potential (BMP) was evaluated in a batch assay performed at 35 °C for 100 days. Agricultural substrate’s chemical composition was also analyzed and related with BMP. Additionally, Bacteria and Archaea domains together with the four main methanogenic archaeal orders were quantified using quantitative real-time TaqMan polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) at the end of the experiment to determine the influence of agricultural substrate on sludge’s microbial composition. Results showed that vegetable substrates (pepper and tomato) had higher lipid and protein content and lower carbohydrates than fruit substrates (persimmon and peach). Among substrates, vegetable substrates showed higher BMP than fruit substrates. Higher BMP values were obtained with increasing addition of agricultural substrate. The replacement of 50% of VS from pig slurry by tomato and pepper increased BMP in 41% and 44%, respectively compared with pig slurry only. Lower increments in BMP were achieved with lower inclusion levels. Results from qPCR showed that total bacteria and total archaea gene concentrations were similar in all combinations tested. Methanomicrobiales gene concentrations dominated over the rest of individual archaeal orders.     

再谈废催化剂中金属的回收

介绍了含钯,钴,钼,钨的废催化剂的来源及从废催化剂中回收上述金属的工艺。