电液压脉冲放电与铁屑内电解法联用处理TNT废水试验研究

TNT结构稳定,废水又具有生物毒性,难以生物降解,采用电液压脉冲放电与铁屑内电解法联用能有效处理TNT废水。研究了铁屑投加量、pH值和铁屑重复使用对TNT降解的影响。试验条件为：放电电压36 kV,废水体积7 L,TNT初始浓度90 mg/L,电极间距8 mm。结果表明,在投加铁屑700 g和pH值为6.5时,TNT降解率分别达到97.7%,铁屑重复使用6次不影响TNT降解效果;放电后静置一段时间,TNT仍然继续降解;在125 L的反应器中处理115 L废水,TNT初始浓度50 mg/L,TNT最大降解率达94.2％,TNT浓度降至2.9 mg/L。     

不同阳离子对Fe~0还原硝酸盐的影响

由于水中硝酸盐污染的普遍性、难去除性和对人体健康的潜在危害性而引起人们的广泛关注。通过批实验,考察了不同阳离子(Fe2+、Fe3+和Cu2+)对Fe0还原硝酸盐的影响。结果表明,由于加入阳离子可直接或间接地增加溶液中的Fe2+而都能促进硝酸盐的还原,作用顺序为Fe3+Fe2+Cu2+;Fe2+对硝酸盐的还原具有重要作用,并随着反应的进行,转化为铁氧化物附着在铁表面而降低铁的活性;硝酸盐还原的主要产物为氨氮,亚硝酸盐只在反应初期有少量积累,尤其是加Cu2+的体系中,但随后都很快降低;在所有体系中,检测到的三氮(NO3--N、NO2--N和NH4+-N)之和只占理论总氮的51.5%~82.6%;动力学分析表明,硝酸盐的还原在不加阳离子的体系中更符合一级反应,而加了阳离子的处理更符合Lo-gistic模型。本研究结果阐明了Fe2+对Fe0还原硝酸盐的重要性。     

5种铁氧化物去除As(V)性能的比较研究

为了从铁氧化物中筛选得到潜在经济有效的除砷材料,对5种铁氧化物去除As(V)的性能进行了比较研究。吸附实验结果表明,其吸附容量依次为施氏矿物四方纤铁矿水铁矿赤铁矿针铁矿,其吸附过程均符合准二级动力学,约24 h时吸附达到平衡。其中,pH=5时,施氏矿物的吸附容量达到83 mg/g。分别投加500 mg/L和300 mg/L的施氏矿物,可将含砷1.484 mg/L和0.850 mg/L、高TOC含量和高pH特征的模拟配水砷浓度降至0.01 mg/L以下。鉴于施氏矿物良好的吸附除砷性能,进一步通过SEM、FTIR和电位滴定对其表面特性进行了深入研究,结果显示,本研究中制备的施氏矿物存在结构性或表面吸附的SO42-,其(质子)表面位密度约为4.32个/nm2,表面质子化常数pK1为4.60,pK2为-8.98。     

Cesium and strontium sorption by selected tropical and subtropical soils around nuclear facilities

The dynamics of Cs and Sr sorption by soils, especially in the subtropics and tropics, as influenced by soil components are not fully understood. The rates and capacities of Cs and Sr sorption by selected subtropical and tropical soils in Taiwan were investigated to facilitate our understanding of the transformation and dynamics of Cs and Sr in soils developed under highly weathering intensity. The Langmuir isotherms and kinetic rates of Cs and Sr sorption on the Ap1 and Bt1 horizons of the Long-Tan (Lt) and the A and Bt1 horizons of the Kuan-Shan (Kt), Mao-Lin (Tml) and Chi-Lo (Cl) soils were selected for this study. Air-dried soil (<2 mm) samples were reacted with of 7.5 × 10⁻⁵ to 1.88 × 10⁻³ M of CsCl (pH 4.0) or 1.14 × 10⁻⁴ to 2.85 × 10⁻³ M of SrCl₂ (pH 4.0) solutions at 25 °C. The sorption maximum capacity (q_m) of Cs by the Ap1 and Bt1 horizons of the Lt soil (62.24 and 70.70 mmol Cs kg⁻¹ soil) were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those by the A and Bt1 horizons of the Kt and Cl soils (26.46 and 27.49 mmol Cs kg⁻¹ soil in Kt soil and 34.83 and 29.96 mmol Cs kg⁻¹ soil in Cl soil, respectively), however, the sorption maximum capacity values of the Lt and Tml soils did not show significant differences. The amounts of pyrophosphate extractable Fe (Fe_p) were correlated significantly with the Cs and Sr sorption capacities (for Cs sorption, r² = 0.97, p < 1.0 × 10⁻⁴; for Sr sorption, r² = 0.82, p < 2.0 × 10⁻³). The partition coefficient of radiocesium sorbed on soil showed the following order: Cl soil ? Kt soil > Tml soil > Lt soil. It was due to clay minerals. The second-order kinetic model was applied to the Cs and Sr sorption data. The rate constant of Cs or Sr sorption on the four soils was substantiality increased with increasing temperature. This is attributable to the availability of more energy for bond breaking and bond formation brought about by the higher temperatures. The rate constant of Cs sorption at 308 K was 1.39-2.09 times higher than that at 278 K in the four soils. The activation energy of Cs and Sr sorbed by the four soils ranged from 7.2 to 16.7 kJ mol⁻¹ and from 15.2 to 22.4 kJ mol⁻¹, respectively. Therefore, the limiting step of the Cs⁺ or Sr²⁺ sorption on the soils was diffusion-controlled processes. The reactive components, which are significantly correlated with the Langmuir sorption maxima of Cs and Sr by these soils, substantially influenced their kinetic rates of Cs and Sr sorption. The data indicate that among components of the subtropical and tropical soils studied, short-range ordered sesquioxides especially Al- and Fe-oxides complexed with organics play important roles in influencing their capacity and dynamics of Cs and Sr sorption.     

生物淋滤改善城市污泥的脱水性能

污水处理过程中产生大量剩余污泥,使得污泥脱水逐渐成为污泥处理的关键环节。本研究采用生物淋滤方法处理城市污泥,改善污泥脱水性能。通过污泥比阻、滤饼含水率和离心脱水率的变化评价生物淋滤改善剩余污泥脱水性能的效能。综合考虑污泥脱水性能改善效果和运行成本,生物淋滤优化条件为:硫粉投加量3 g/L;Fe2+投加量4 g/L;接种物投加量(接种物与供试污泥的体积比,mL/mL)0.4。在优化条件下,污泥体系被酸化至pH为2.0左右需要36～48 h,淋滤污泥的比阻由1.26×1014 m/kg降至8.14×1012 m/kg,降低了93.54%,滤饼含水率从98.39%降至73.68%,同时污泥离心脱水率从72%提高到83%。回调淋滤污泥pH至6.0,污泥比阻继续降至8.27×1011 m/kg,污泥比阻降低99.34%,污泥从难脱水状态转化为易脱水状态。通过污泥体系中铁离子和污泥絮体特征的变化,分析生物淋滤改善污泥脱水性能的机理。作为底物投加的Fe2+在微生物氧化作用下快速转化为Fe3+。生物氧化产生的Fe3+的絮凝作用可能是生物淋滤改善污泥脱水性能的主要机理。     

磁性活性炭催化臭氧氧化降解水中甲基橙

通过浸渍法制备了钕铁硼磁性活性炭(Nd Fe B/AC),采用SEM和VSM技术对其进行了表征,并将其作为非均相催化剂用于臭氧氧化降解水中甲基橙(MO)。表征结果显示:Nd Fe B/AC具有硬磁特性;当m(Nd Fe B)∶m(AC)=1∶2时,其比饱和磁化强度和比剩余磁化强度分别为15.9 A·m2/kg和6.0 A·m2/kg,矫顽力可达104.5k A/m。实验结果表明:在Nd Fe B/AC投加量为3.0 g/L、初始溶液p H为5.0、初始MO质量浓度为20 mg/L、臭氧质量浓度为15.0 mg/L、室温的条件下反应40 min,MO降解率达93.9%,显著优于投加AC的64.4%;AC和Nd Fe B/AC催化臭氧氧化降解MO的反应过程均遵循一级动力学规律,且Nd Fe B/AC的反应速率常数为AC的近3倍。     

Fenton and Fenton-like oxidation of pesticide acetamiprid in water samples: Kinetic study of the degradation and optimization using response surface methodology

The aims of this study were (a) to evaluate the degradation of acetamiprid with the use of Fenton reaction, (b) to investigate the effect of different concentrations of H₂O₂ and Fe²⁺, initial pH and various iron salts, on the degradation of acetamiprid and (c) to apply response surface methodology for the evaluation of degradation kinetics.     

给水加氧处理在超超临界1000MW机组的应用

徐州电厂超超临界1000MW机组投产后及时采用了给水加氧处理技术,介绍了1号机组给水加氧转换过程、水汽指标的变化情况。加氧处理技术实施后水汽系统含铁量显著降低,精处理混床运行周期延长,加药量减少,效果显著,提高了机组运行的经济性和安全性。     

超重力旋转填料床中络合铁脱硫工艺处理海上油田含硫伴生天然气

采用超重力旋转填料床中络合铁脱硫工艺处理海上油田伴生天然气。运行结果表明：海上油田超重力旋转填料床络合铁脱硫系统投资1 500 万元,设备总占用面积不足48 m²,天然气处理量2×10⁵ m³/d,回收硫磺400 kg/d;进口伴生天然气中硫化氢的质量浓度为2 000~2 500 mg/L,经脱硫处理后硫化氢的质量浓度低于3 mg/L,达到GB 17820—2012《天然气》中硫化氢含量的要求。该工艺解决了海上平台空间紧张、结构承重有限等问题,装置运行稳定,避免了设备腐蚀,运行成本低,运行效果显著,具有良好的经济效益和社会效益。     

纳米零价铁/玉米淀粉的制备及其对Pb2+的吸附

以玉米淀粉为载体,采用液相还原法制备纳米零价铁/玉米淀粉,并用于溶液中Pb2+的去除。采用SEM技术对吸附材料进行了表征。考察了溶液pH、纳米零价铁/玉米淀粉加入量、初始Pb2+质量浓度、反应时间等因素对Pb2+吸附效果的影响。表征结果显示,纳米零价铁/玉米淀粉球体间主要呈链状连接,不仅保持了纳米零价铁的特性,且颗粒的团聚现象明显减少。实验结果表明,在溶液pH 7.0、纳米零价铁/玉米淀粉加入量0.8 g/L、初始Pb2+质量浓度50 mg/L、反应时间60 min的条件下,纳米零价铁/玉米淀粉对Pb2+具有较好的吸附效果,Pb2+去除率为93.17%、吸附量为47.27 mg/g。