Selective collection as a pretreatment for indirect solid recovered fuel generation

Effective selective collection (SC) has been increasing in many countries of the European Union. As a consequence the composition of residual municipal solid waste (RMSW) is changing not only because of economic development, but also due to the collection system. The input of RMSW treatment plants is thus not homogeneous. This paper analyses two case studies involving a total of five SC scenarios and their impact on the generation of solid recovered fuel (SRF) with/without bio-drying, post-treatment and packaging take back programs (TBPs). These case studies are based on two types of SC: kerbside and drop-off. The latest regulation on SRF classification is taken into account: energy content, Cl and Hg concentrations are assessed and discussed. The role of the respirometric index (RI) is also analyzed. Results show that when SC is highly efficient RMSW can be classified directly as SRF, but only if the introduction of RI does not set stringent respirometric targets. The role of packaging TBPs is important as the residual waste remaining after the packaging has been processed, can be valorized increasing the lower heating value (LHV) of the residual RMSW and minimizing the streams that should be landfilled. The source separation of food waste has a significant impact on the suitability of bio-drying: when the SC of food waste is very efficient, its percentage in the RMSW may be too low for effective bio-drying.     

CO2浓度升高对半干旱区春小麦光合作用及水分生理生态特性的影响

大气CO₂浓度升高已成为世界范围内重要环境问题。为了解大气CO₂浓度升高对春小麦光合作用及水分生理生态特性的影响,在典型半干旱区定西利用开顶式气室(OTC)试验平台,以春小麦“定西24号”为供试品种,开展了CO₂浓度增加模拟试验。试验设对照(390μmol·mol^?1)、480μmol·mol^?1和570μmol·mol^?1等3个CO₂浓度(摩尔分数)梯度。结果表明:在对照和增加CO₂浓度条件下,春小麦叶片净光合速率和蒸腾速率日变化均呈“双峰型”分布,出现明显的“午休”现象;胞间CO₂浓度的日变化表现为斜“V”字型曲线;叶水势日变化呈现反抛物线曲线走向,在中午后出现水势曲线拐点。在不同生育时期内,净光合速率、气孔导度和胞间CO₂浓度均表现为开花期最大,乳熟期最小。而蒸腾速率表现为开花期最大,拔节期最小,叶片水平水分利用效率表现为孕穗期最大,乳熟期最小。随着CO₂浓度升高,春小麦叶片净光合速率、胞间CO₂浓度、水分利用效率和水势提高,气孔导度和蒸腾速率降低。与对照大气CO₂浓度相比,在480μmol·mol^?1浓度和570μmol·mol^?1浓度下,整个生育期净光合速率平均分别提高了14.68%和28.20%,气孔导度平均降低了15.29%和24.83%,胞间CO₂浓度平均提高了10.38%和26.15%,蒸腾速率平均减小了6.63%和12.41%,WUE平均增加了22.9%和46.9%。随着CO₂浓度升高,蒸腾失水减少,叶片水势不断增加,从而增强了春小麦对干旱胁迫的抵御能力。研究结果为我国半干旱区春小麦对全球气候变化下的敏感性及适应性提供理论参考。     

崇明东滩湿地干湿交替过程脲酶活性变化初探

以典型滨海湿地——崇明东滩为原型区域,采集湿地沉积物及海水样品,通过土柱模拟方法(30、35、40℃),研究了半月潮(15d左右为周期的"大潮")与日潮(一个太阴日内出现的涨潮和落潮)水分生态过程沉积物脲酶(Urease)活性及溶解性有机氮(DON)与铵态氮(NH+4-N)含量等的变化,计算了Urease活性的表观温度敏感性系数(Q’10),旨为揭示典型滨海湿地潮汐驱动下周期性干湿交替过程沉积物Urease活性的变化规律.半月潮过程,干燥沉积物(1%~3%)淹水后,Urease活性迅速增加.随着沉积物变干,酶活性逐渐下降.Urease活性对沉积物水分变化的敏感性随干湿交替频次的增加而下降.日潮过程对Urease活性的影响较小.30、35、40℃下,酶活性分别为(0.067±0.018)、(0.143±0.027)、(0.028±0.011)g·(10 g·h)-1.相比较而言,半月潮过程Urease活性明显低于日潮过程.这表明,干湿交替显著降低了沉积物Urease活性(30、35℃).半月潮过程中,沉积物Urease活性Q’10的最高值出现在35~40℃,而日潮过程中出现在30~35℃.因此,干湿交替可能增高了Urease活性Q’10的温度响应范围.此外,半月潮过程中,Urease活性主导着沉积物NH+4-N含量的变化(30、35℃),但其与DON含量之间并无显著相关性.日潮过程Urease活性与NH+4-N和DON含量之间均不显著相关.     

基于ANFIS模型的基坑工程位移反分析

在软土地基深基坑开挖支护工程的设计与施工中,岩土体力学参数的取值问题是关键。基于MATLAB(R2007a)模糊工具箱中的自适应神经模糊推理系统(ANFIS)对基坑岩土体力学参数进行了位移反演分析,并结合汉口火车站出站厅基坑工程实例,动态反演了具体参数,检验了反演精度,从而验证了该方法用于基坑工程位移反分析的可行性及工程适用性。     

Ionic composition of submicron particles (PM1.0) during the long-lasting haze period in January 2013 in Wuhan, central China

In January 2013, a long-lasting severe haze episode occurred in Northern and Central China; at its maximum, it covered a land area of approximately 1.4 million km². In Wuhan, the largest city in Central China, this event was the most severe haze episode in the 21st century. Aerosol samples of submicron particles (PM_1.0) were collected during the long-lasting haze episode at an urban site and a suburban site in Wuhan to investigate the ion characteristics of PM_1.0 in this area. The mass concentrations of PM_1.0 and its water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) were almost at the same levels at two sites, which indicates that PM_1.0 pollution occurs on a regional scale in Wuhan. WSIIs (Na⁺, NH₄⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Cl^-, NO₃^- and SO₄^2-) were the dominant chemical species and constituted up to 48.4% and 47.4% of PM_1.0 at WD and TH, respectively. The concentrations of PM_1.0 and WSIIs on haze days were approximately two times higher than on normal days. The ion balance calculations indicate that the particles were more acidic on haze days than on normal days. The results of the back trajectory analysis imply that the high concentrations of PM_1.0 and its water-soluble inorganic ions may be caused by stagnant weather conditions in Wuhan.     

2012年春季京津冀地区一次沙尘暴天气过程中颗粒物的污染特征分析

本研究表征了2012年春季一次沙尘暴天气过程中京津冀地区大气可吸入颗粒物(PM10)的污染特征.借助PM10的水溶性元素、有机碳和元素碳的浓度,分析推断沙尘暴天气过程中矿物气溶胶对城市气溶胶污染的交汇叠加作用.使用中流量大气颗粒物采样器,于2012年4月1日～5月24日,在北京市西三环、天津空港经济区和张家口火车南站附近同时采集可吸入颗粒物(PM10),采用离子色谱和元素碳/有机碳分析仪分析获取其水溶性离子、元素碳和有机碳浓度.结果表明,采样期间北京、天津和张家口这3个采样点PM10质量浓度的日均值分别为233.82、279.64和238.13μg·m-3.4月27～29日,3个地区发生了沙尘暴天气,PM10质量浓度的最大日均值分别达755.54、831.32、582.82μg·m-3.沙尘暴期PM10的有机碳(OC)浓度、二次有机碳(SOC)/OC的比值、硝酸根(NO-3)和硫酸根(SO2-4)浓度均高于非沙尘暴期间.采用电荷平衡计算证明沙尘暴期间大气颗粒物表明呈碱性,说明外来沙尘暴与本地污染相互叠加,矿物元素改变了颗粒物表面的酸碱性,沙尘暴和有机物发生耦合,促进了二次有机物的转化.     

旱季不同土地利用类型下岩溶碳汇效应差异

为研究不同土地利用类型下碳酸盐岩溶蚀对土壤CO2消耗量的差异,在2013年11月至2014年5月选取了柏树湾泉、兰花沟泉和后沟泉这3个岩溶泉进行水化学分析及野外监测.结果表明,在上覆植被为林地的柏树湾泉域,泉水的HCO-3浓度最高,草地与耕地下的兰花沟泉次之,耕地为主的后沟泉最低.柏树湾泉的HCO-3主要来自于碳酸对碳酸盐岩的溶蚀,Ca2++Mg2+与HCO-3的摩尔比接近0.5,而兰花沟泉和后沟泉的HCO-3则主要来源于硫酸和硝酸对碳酸盐岩的溶蚀,Ca2++Mg2+与HCO-3的摩尔比远远大于0.5.柏树湾泉域由于凋落物的输入以及土壤透气性差,土壤CO2更容易溶于下渗水并与碳酸盐岩反应,而兰花沟泉和后沟泉的耕地由于土壤疏松,土壤CO2更容易以土壤呼吸的形式返回到大气中.因此,为准确评估岩溶碳汇作用,需要研究不同土地利用类型下碳酸盐岩对CO2消耗量的差异.     

The Metallic Composition of Aerosols at Three Monitoring Sites in Korea During Winter 2002

In the present study, the distribution patterns of various metals were analyzed and compared using PM samples collected concurrently from three monitoring sites located in Korea (Seoul, Busan, and Jeju island) in December 2002. As these sites can represent metal pollution with different degrees of anthropogenic activities, their concentration levels were distinguished in a systematic manner in the order of Jeju, Busan, and Seoul. By comparing the present data sets with those measured previously from other locations in Korea and around the world, we attempted to diagnose the general status of elemental pollution on the Korean peninsula. Through an application of different statistical approaches, the major processes controlling elemental levels were assessed for each of the three study sites. The results indicated the importance of both crustal and anthropogenic sources in all sites with their relative roles varying significantly from each other. The results of the metal analysis data, when examined in relation to back trajectory analysis, confirmed that their concentration changes are affected quite sensitively with air mass movement patterns. The overall results of this study consistently indicated the contribution of a strong anthropogenic source area (e.g., China) to the observed metal concentration levels in the study area, but the strengths of such signals vary considerably across the Korean peninsula.     

青藏铁路用空气弹簧橡胶胶料耐紫外线老化试验研究

我国正在建设的青藏铁路是世界上海拔最高、线路最长的高原铁路.其气候特点对橡胶制品提出了新的技术要求,为适应在该气候条件下的运用需要,进行了针对空气弹簧胶囊用橡胶的耐紫外线老化试验研究工作,试验表明随着紫外线老化时间的增加,其硬度和300%定伸强度均提高,但拉伸强度和扯断伸长率随着紫外线老化时间的增加而降低;通过与胶料的耐臭氧试验和大气老化试验比较,基本可以认为引起空气弹簧胶囊表面龟裂的主要原因是受力状况、臭氧和大气老化的作用,而紫外线对橡胶的表面龟裂影响作用不大,因此,为提高空气弹簧胶囊的耐老化性能,主要考虑降低橡胶的受力,提高耐臭氧和耐大气老化性能.     

玻璃弹簧负载镶嵌纳米粒子TiO2膜光催化降解活性深蓝K-R

以玻璃弹簧负载镶嵌纳米粒子的TiO2膜降解活性深蓝K-R模拟废水,考察了pH值和温度对脱色率的影响以及CODCr去除率与脱色率之间的关系,并用XRD和SEM对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,pH值和温度对脱色率均有显著影响,CODCr去除率与脱色率的比值约为70%左右;XRD表明,TiO2矿相主要为锐钛型,SEM表明,镶嵌TiO2粒子均匀,粒径约50nm.